Average SAT Scores by State (Most Recent)

Average SAT Scores by State (Most Recent) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips More than a million students across the country take the SAT each year. So what do SAT scores by state look like? How do you stack up against other test takers in your state? Finally, what are some interesting state facts- for example, which state has the highest SAT score? The lowest SAT score? The highest rate of participation? It's the battle of the states, SAT edition. Find out your state's average SAT scores and other fun facts in this article! What Is the National Average SAT Score? Before we get into the SAT averages by state, let's quickly go over the SAT scoring system as well as what the overall average SAT score in the US currently is. As you probably know, the SAT is made up of three sections: Reading, Writing and Language (also just called Writing), and Math. The Math section is scored on a scale of 200-800, while the Reading and Writing sections are combined to give you a final Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800. By combining these two sections, we get atotal SAT score rangeof400-1600, with 1600 being a perfect score. Now that we've got this down, let's take a look the national average SAT score. In 2018, the College Board reported the following average SAT scores: Total: 1068 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW): 536 Math: 531 As you can see, the average scores for EBRW and Math are quite close. These then add up to get a total SAT average score that's around the halfway point of the total score range (400-1600). But what are the average SAT scores by state? Keep reading to learn some interesting trends and to see the notable top spots held by different states! State SAT Awards We'll start with the states that have won our "State SAT Awards." The categories for these are as follows: Highest SAT Score Highest SAT Score With Over 20% Participation Team Players (100% Participation) Lowest SAT Score Most Variation Between SAT Sections All data below comes from the College Board's 2018 SAT state reports. Highest Score: Minnesota (SAT Score: 1298) Minnesota takes the cake for highest average SAT score with 1298. This is 230 points higher than the national average! But wait- Minnesota also has lower test participation than 78% of the US at 4%. In other words, just 2,464 seniors took the test in 2018. Because more students in Minnesota take the ACT than they do the SAT, Minnesota's high average SAT score likely means that only the most prepared, ambitious high schoolers take the SAT. These students tend to score higher, effectively raising the state's average. But what if we look instead at states with a significant participation rate- that is, a state in which more than 20% of students take the SAT? The winner for that SAT award is ... Highest Score With Over 20% Participation: Arizona (SAT Score: 49, with 29% Participation) Great achievement here! With more than 20,000 students in the class of 2018 taking the SAT here, Arizona is truly outperforming the national average. Team Players (100% Participation): Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, and Michigan In Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, and Michigan, every student took the SAT. This usually means that thesestates require all high school students to take the SATas part of normal high school testing. In addition, four other states- Illinois, Maine, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island- as well as the District of Columbiaoffered the SAT statewide during the 2017-18 school year. But because the testwasn't mandatory for all students in these states for the entire school year, participation rates here are below 100%. The highest participation rate for non-mandatory testing goes to Florida, at 97%. Lowest Score: District of Columbia (SAT Score: 977) Unfortunately, the District of Columbia underperforms the national average by more than 90 points. Also ranking at the bottom are other states with statewide SAT testing (Delaware and Idaho) as well as West Virginia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. From the data, it's reasonable to conclude that statewide testing causes lower scores because it includes all seniors andnot just those planning to apply to college. The lowest SAT score for a non-mandatory state is 1014 in Florida. While Florida is only in the top 18% of the country as far as participation goes (97% participation rate), it's important to point out that this is still a huge number of students, as the population of Florida is so large. In 2018, 147,058 students took the SAT in Florida. This number is much higher than the number of test takers in other states with comparable SAT participation rates, such as Rhode Island (97% participation rate, 10,161 students) and New Hampshire (96% participation rate, 14,834 students). So even though only 97% of students took the SAT in Florida, there's still plenty of room for variation within these nearly 150,000 students' scores. Most Variation Between Sections: Florida (520 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, 497 Math) With a participation rate of 97%, Florida also has the greatest difference between SAT section scores of all states. On average, Florida students score 29 points higher on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) than they do on Math. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! List of All Average State SAT Scores Here are the most recent average SAT scores for all 50 statesas well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. Find your area below and see how your SAT score compares with your region's average! State Participation Rate EBRW Math Total Alabama 6% 595 571 66 Alaska 43% 562 544 06 Arizona 29% 577 572 49 Arkansas 5% 592 576 69 California 60% 540 536 1076 Colorado 100% 519 506 1025 Connecticut 100% 535 519 1053 Delaware 100% 505 492 998 District of Columbia 92% 497 480 977 Florida 97% 522 493 1014 Georgia 70% 542 522 1064 Hawaii 56% 550 549 1099 Idaho 100% 508 493 1001 Illinois 99% 513 506 1019 Indiana 67% 546 539 1086 Iowa 3% 634 632 1265 Kansas 4% 633 631 1265 Kentucky 4% 630 618 1248 Louisiana 4% 615 595 1210 Maine 99% 512 501 1013 Maryland 76% 545 535 1080 Massachusetts 80% 562 563 25 Michigan 100% 5 499 10 Minnesota 4% 643 655 1298 Mississippi 3% 630 606 1236 Missouri 4% 633 629 1262 Montana 10% 606 592 1229 Nebraska 3% 629 623 1252 Nevada 23% 574 566 40 New Hampshire 96% 535 528 1063 New Jersey 82% 547 547 1094 New Mexico 16% 552 540 1093 New York 79% 534 534 1068 North Carolina 52% 554 543 1098 North Dakota 2% 640 643 1283 Ohio 18% 552 547 1099 Oklahoma 8% 541 521 1062 Oregon 48% 564 553 17 Pennsylvania 70% 547 539 1086 Puerto Rico - 512 481 993 Rhode Island 97% 513 505 1018 South Carolina 55% 547 523 1070 South Dakota 3% 622 618 1241 Tennessee 6% 624 607 1231 Texas 66% 520 512 1032 Utah 4% 618 612 1230 Vermont 64% 565 554 20 Virgin Islands - 490 445 935 Virginia 68% 567 550 17 Washington 69% 543 538 1082 West Virginia 28% 513 486 999 Wisconsin 3% 641 653 1294 Wyoming 3% 633 635 1257 Source: The College Board What's Next? Confused about SAT scoring? Learn more about how the SAT is scored,and get tips onhow to figure out your SAT goal score based on the schools you're applying to. Wondering what it takes to get a perfect SAT score? I scored a perfect SAT scoreand wrote a detailed guide about what it takes here.Read this to learn all of my best strategies- and to get a 1600 on test day! If you liked this post, make sure youscroll up and subscribe on the right hand sideso you can stay up-to-date with our SAT/ACT articles! Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Essay on Management 436 Db

Essay on Management 436 Db Essay on Management 436 Db Unit Four Discussion Board One MGMT436-1205B-01 Managing Organizational Change Dr. Marcia Brown Suequeena Diane Williams January 29, 2013 Hello Dr. Brown and Fellow Classmates: For our first discussion board for the week, we were asked to download the required work redesign document complete by a firm’s internal consulting team. Acting as external consultants, the task is to review the document as it is presented and render suggestions about what was done correctly along with any concerns and recommendations that are deemed necessary to mention. With that prompt in mind, I have formulated the following responses to the questions that Dr. Brown has posed. Discussion on the Utilized Analysis and Work Redesign Strategies In order to address the organizational issues of increasing expense and budgetary costs, lack of quality and timely work, excessive chargebacks and customer service issues, the assigned internal consulting team took the following actions: * Conducted discussion with Management over time * Interviews/discussions with customers * Mailed surveys to employee’s homes in hopes of gauging individual motivation and potential problems * Facilitated team building workshops * Re-issued surveys at workshops when poor response was received Based on the above information and researched material, the internal consulting team opted to employ the Motivational Work Design Strategy. Created from research completed in organizational psychology by Hackman and Oldham, the motivational model encourages job enrichment and enlargement (Campon and Mumford, 2005). Basically, this model of work redesign believes that performance on a job is directly correlated with employing and retaining employees who are both satisfied and involved with organization procedures. Upon gaining knowledge of the issues, the first thing the internal consultants did was interview with the management. From this meeting, they suggested that the employees complete a survey. All of these events directly relate to the Motivational Work Design Strategy discussed above. Discussion on the Successfully and Unsuccessfully Addressed Change Factors As it relates to the given scenario, the increased team building, employee input and communication issues were all properly addressed. However, it is believed that the internal consultants did not properly address the functional complaint routing system. Basically, if a customer contacted the organization with a problem, they could not receive an immediate response because the answering representative did not have the required knowledge to answer the question. As a result, the question had to be forwarded to a supervisor and who would then forward to a compliance specialist. By the time the customer receives the answer to his/her question, the problem is usually resolved which only further aids to the customer’s irritation and/or aggravation. It is believed that the employees would feel more included in the organization if they had the proper information to answer the questions asked of them as opposed to simply being a call taker only registers complaints. Discussion on Addressing the Unsuccessful Change Process Issue Since the internal consultants did not address the employee/customer service issues in the Motivational Model Theory that they

The ubiquitin system, disease and drug discovery Research Paper

The ubiquitin system, disease and drug discovery - Research Paper Example According to (Hershko,1998,pg.425-79) â€Å"There are strong indications for roles of the ubiquitin system in development and apoptosis, although the target proteins involved in these cases have not been identified.†.Protein in ubiquting exists in chain format which is linear and consists of amino acids. The degradation of chain is possible and it is thermodynamically possible in an aqueous environment. When the degradation of protein happens this is known as protein – turnover. The balance which exists between the synthesis and its degradation determines the concentration level of protein in the cell. The studies conducted over protein turnover rates have revealed that some proteins are long lived while others are short lived. The cell majorly consists of long lived protein while short lived proteins which are regulatory protein are abnormal protein. Source – (Hersko,1998,pg 425-79) The Ub has a function to monitor the turnover of protein in the cell by regulati ng the degradation process. This regulatory function is largely important. By regulatory function of Ub the cells are able to eliminate protein that displays another function. Furthermore, such regulation observes that other process expressed by regulatory protein is shut down. There is another regulatory function displayed by the protein which is alternative in nature and it simply inactivates the protein. However, in case of this alternative regulation, these inactivated proteins can be mistakenly reactivated. Unfortunately, the Ub linked regulation is expensive energetically and if a regulation needs to be done once again then re-synthesize should be performed. The functioning of Ub is in a ATP – depended pattern. But what is the reason for this? The reason for this in order to target the protein machinery is required that can degrade the protein. The machinery is used just as a tag which marks the protein which needs to be degradation. The degradation is conducted by the 26Sproteasome. Speaking precisely, the proteins that are to be degraded are primarily tagged by conjugating them with ub and these tagged protein are them identified and shuttled to proteasome for the purpose of degradation. Dysfunction in much ubiquitin process has created pathological conditions where there was malignant transformation. Proliferation and cell growth are further controlled by ubiquitin mediated degradation of portooncogenes, tumor suppressors and components of signal transduction systems. The Ubiqutin – Proteasome Pathway If we mix ubiqutin, ATP and an abnormal protein we might think that the protein will conjugate with Ub. However, we would be wrong in this assumption. There is something else required to attach Ub to such a protein. The thing that is needs in many cases is the three kinds of enzymes. 1) Ub activating enzyme known as E1 enzyme. This enzyme is required in modifying Ub so that it can be in a reactive condition. 2) Ub conjugative enzyme known as E2 enzyme. This enzyme does the function of catalyzing the attachment of Ub to the substrate protein. 3) Ub ligases know as E3 enzymes. This enzyme function in align with E2 enzymes and this enzyme is important in identifying the substrate protein. Yeast contains many E1, E2 and E3 enzymes. For example. It has been found that yeast contains 13 various E2 enzymes. All these do the function of conjugation but also a specific

Solow-Swan growth model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solow-Swan growth model - Essay Example The model begins with neoclassical production function presented by equation Y/L = F (K/L. making y the subject of the equation y = f(k), and this is represented by the red curve. Therefore, output per worker translates to capital per worker. From the graph, n = population growth rate, y = output/income per, k = capital per worker, worker, s = saving rate, L = labor force, and ÃŽ ´ = depreciation.The steady state is at point A where the two graphs interact. At this point, the first equilibrium, the output per worker is ever constant. When the investment cannot combat population output per worker the curve falls from y2 to y0. When saving per worker is greater than depreciation plus the population growth, the cumulative capital increases leading to shifting of the steady state from equilibrium A to B.The concept of Keynesian economics is based on the divine entity that can lead to over economic difficulties. The Keynesian economics model emphases on the fact that intervention put by t he government to necessary economic stability and growth during economic hard times. In this economic model, the government has a vital role to smoothen the business cycle bumps. The model stresses on the significant measures the government should take on spending, hiking, tax breaking among other measures for the economy to function best during the economic crisis. The main importance of Keynesian economics economy is that it helps governments to survive severe economic depression (Frank and Bernanke 54).... In this economic model, the government has a vital role to smoothen the business cycle bumps. The model stresses on the significant measures the government should take on spending, hiking, tax breaking among other measures for the economy to function best during the economic crisis. The main importance of Keynesian economics economy is that it helps governments to survive severe economic depression (Frank and Bernanke 54). According to Keynesian economics theory, the macroeconomic economy is significant than a market aggregate. Moreover, resource markets and individual commodities can easily lead to automatic equilibrium that can last for a long time. However, it does not guarantee fell employment. Nonetheless, the Keynesian economics benefit government policies since it gives a helping hand to the economy. IS/LM chart illustrates an upward shift in the IS a curve that indicates an increase private investment or government spending thereby leading to interest rates (i) due to higher output (Y) Great Recession The Great Recession is the estimated as the longest regression of between 2007 and 2012. Therefore, it is sometimes called the 2007 global regression or the lesser depression. It is related to the dominant global decline that started in December 2007 and registered a sharp down downward turn in 2008. The Great Recession affected the economy of the entire globe and some of the countries were hardly hit. The main characteristic of this recession was the systematic imbalance that led to global financial crisis between 2007 and 2012. Furthermore, it led to the European sovereign debt crisis. Regardless, of the European debt crisis, china and United States showed a continued economic growth; thus, these two nations becoming global economic

Sidney Waters Customer Information Billing System Case Study

Sidney Waters Customer Information Billing System - Case Study Example However, Price Water House ran into implementation difficulties and overran the $ 60m Budget assigned to the project. These difficulties were a direct result of their failure to develop the correct architecture the company need by evaluating what it has and then acquire them. It seems also that Price Water House lacked the technical expertise to take the project forward, in that several contingencies were made, including hardware and software that were not in the original budget. Sidney Water had carefully followed the tender process of selecting Price Water House as the winner but should have done background checks on its past performances with other companies. It should also have brought in IT experts within the organization, and externally, to timely perform Technical Proof Of Concept (TPOC) to help guide its decision in the correct direction. It seems Sidney Water was looking only at keeping the project cost below the budgeted and not at its feasibility. This is due to the fact that companies in a tender process will give information they cannot guarantee, in order to win bids, and they often hope the bid recipients will be impressed and make hastily uninformed decisions. The company after selecting Price Water House called in the company after three months to begin work, without visiting other facilities that had similar systems to see what levels of efficiency they were achieving and be able to make comparisons to its goals and objectives. Poor contract administration led to the transfer of responsibility for certain aspects of the project back to Sidney Water from Price Water House.  

Types Of Clinical Decision Support System Computer Science Essay

Types Of Clinical Decision Support System Computer Science Essay Nowadays, technology is growing rapidly. With such tremendously growth of technology, many field of industry is taking the chance in adopting these technologies to transform their business flow to fit with the environment. Medical is one of the industries that changing their services to provide better care and better treatment to patients. Many clinical center, hospitals or medical organization is investing on Clinical Decision Support System to improve the quality of decision making from the progress of diagnosis. What is Clinical Decision Support System? Clinical Decision Support Systems are active knowledge systems which use two or more items of patient data to generate case-specific advice from Wyatt J, Spiegelhalter D, 1991 (OpenClinical 2001-2009) It designed to integrate with a medical knowledge database as well as patient data to generate case specific advises to users. In another words, it is designed to healthcare professional to make medical decision. Instead of taking the place of diagnosis as a job of computer program, it rather intended to support the clinical experts because computer is not able to perform as a human being and it may cause error which may harm and risking others people survivability. In some area, computers can help the clinician in retrieving details needed in the progress of diagnosis such as patients medical history, all kind of examination and laboratory test. In addition, the reaction of drug and allergies toward the patient will be taken into account to help a busy clinician to handle over hundred patients in a day. (Clinical Decision Support System, Citizendium, 2006) What is the purpose of Clinical Decision Support System? CDSS generally is used to assist clinician by using the point of medical to provide some expert opinion or advices. A clinician may interact with CDSS in doing determination of diagnosis, analysis and etc by according to provided patient data. Previous theories of CDSS were to use the CDSS to literally make decisions for the clinician. (Clinical Decision Support System, iScanMyFood, 2010). By now, clinician is able to input information to the system and wait for CDSS to output the right choice to advice them the correct action. By gone through the computer analysis, clinician is not only making decision through own knowledge which may not be most suitable result from a diagnosis but also getting advices from computer to improve the quality of decision making. In another words, it served as a peripheral brain. Functions of Clinical Decision Support System There are 4 basic functions contain in Clinical Decision Support System which are Administrative, Managing clinical complexity and details, Cost control, Decision support by based on Perreault Metzger. Administrative means system must be administrable which means that it must be able to support clinical coding and documentation, procedures and referrals of the medical center. In order to achieve that, CDSS is always created through multiple platforms and it understands very well on every medicals standard procedure. Other than that, it must be able to manage clinical complexity and details. It keeps patients on research and chemotherapy protocols as clinical experts always did. It tracks patient orders, referrals follow-up the status of patient and preventive care after prescription. Cost controllable by avoiding any duplication of process, document or any unnecessary lab test and to monitor medication orders to confirm any incorrect places which might be a direct harm to particular medical centers financial Decision Support is mean to support clinical diagnosis and treatment plan processes and promoting use of best practices, condition-specific guidelines, and population-based management. (OpenClinical 2001-2009) Characteristics and Types of Clinical Decision Support System Characteristics of CDSS There are 4 basic component usually required by CDSS which are Inference Engine, Knowledge Base, Explanation Module and Working Memory. Inference Engine Inference Engine is the main part of CDSS. It used knowledge from database integrated with the system as well as the knowledge about the patient to generate an output or a conclusion based on certain condition. Inference engine control the actions of the system and guide system with the best actions. For an example, it will start to detect the condition to trigger the alert or conclusion to be displayed in a diagnostic progress. Knowledge Base Knowledge Base acquired the knowledge Inference Engine used to present to the users. In Knowledge base, it contains every risk factor to carry out in new lesions and risk scores. It will be built with the involvement of clinical domain experts with also every activity of create, edit and maintenance. In another way, some knowledge base is created through automated process. Automated process knowledge is acquired from external sources such as books, magazine, journal articles and database by a computer application. The process of creating a knowledge base is complex and complicated. In order to make it easier, there are tools specially created to facilitate the acquisition and elicitation of knowledge base. There is an example tool called Protà ©gà ©, a knowledge- based development environment. Working memory Working memory is a collection of patient data or form of a message which is stored inside database. These data may include patients age, name, data of birth, gender and etc or allergies, history medical information or problems and other information. Explanation Module Explanation Module responsible in composing justification for the conclusions drawn by the Inference Engine by applied Knowledge base and patient data. This component is not presented in all CDSSs. In another way, CDSS can work on synchronous mode and asynchronous mode. In synchronous mode, users can communicate directly with application to wait for the output from system. Users will have to wait for the output in order to continue their works. For example, CDSS checks for drugs interaction or any possible medicine that patient allergies to then clinician will only able to continue to diagnose patient by based on the result generated by CDSS. When there is in asynchronous mode, CDSS is performing independently while does not required user to wait for. For an example generate a checkup reminder for patients. CDSS can be categorized as open-loop or closed-loop systems. Open-loop CDSS will generate a conclusion but it takes no action directly by its own. Usually users will take the actions on the final decision. For an example, CDSS generates alert or reminder to users to take the actions. A Closed-loop CDSS is the opposite of open-loop CDSS. It will take actions by its own without any intervention from users. For an example, system will automatic save up all details of diagnosis process. CDSS can be also an event monitor, a consultation system or a clinical guideline. Even monitor is a software application that converts every available data into electronic format and uses its integrated knowledge base to send reminder to clinicians appropriately. Consultation system allows user enters the details of a case and in another way, the system will provide user a list of problems that may explain the case and suggestion the best action to be taken. Clinical Guideline basically developed by a group of clinical experts and disseminated by the government or by professional organization and it apply in most of the CDSS. This clinical guideline has been presented with every statement of best practices regarding to a particular health condition. Other than providing recommendation from various practices, it can be taken as examples in medical education. Type of Clinical Decision Support System Knowledge-based Clinical Decision Support System (Expert System) Knowledge-based expert systems are created by having experts use the biomedical literature to identify relationships between independent variables (such as signs and symptoms) and dependent variables (such as likely underlying diseases). It contains related arranged such as local hospital information, patient data and other compiled data and apply it with IF-ELSE-THEN predefined rules to guide through the whole progress of decision making. However, rules may also be acquired from various types of decision trees. These rules-based CDSS is the most usually found among all the clinical application. It will alert user when there is a possible drug doses or allergies which may harm or risk patient life by based on patient details such as age, sex, weight, height and etc. Example: if the system rules used to determine drug interaction, the formula will started to run and to detect every possible risky drug interaction, the rules might be IF drug A is taken AND drug B is taken THEN alert user. By going through these predefined rules, provided information must be always up-to-dated to prevent any wrong output which might lead to misdiagnosis. To construct a rule-based system for medical decision support, an expert with domain knowledge always must be recruited to create and handle the knowledge base and train the system. To train an expert system is very time-consuming and it the result that produced is only usable in a narrow scope project. Therefore, a rule-based CDSS is not commonly used to deliver the critical message to clinician. (Clinical Decision Support System, Citizendium, 2006) Non Knowledge-Based Clinical Decision Support System Non Knowledge Based CDSS does not apply any data from knowledge base but they used another kind of artificial intelligent called Machine Learning. From the term of Machine Learning, it means a machine will learn from the past experience and previous lesson that given by experts. This kind of idea has implemented in this type of CDSS. Computer will learn everything in previous medical progress and find pattern in clinical data. Non Knowledge based CDSS is trained from the relationship between symptoms and signs (also called independent variables) and diseases (also called dependent variables). Machine Learning is using case-based to proceed every lesson because the system is being trained from previous cases. There are 2 type of non knowledge based systems are artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. It contains some mathematical models that can observe and emulate the properties of an item and some kind of adaptively learns the simulated properties of the item. (Clinical Decision Support System, Citizendium, 2006). Artificial neural networks type of CDSS can analyze the attributes or patterns from patient data to derive the associations between the symptoms and a diagnosis. (Wikipedia, 2010). It can perform supervised or unsupervised machine learning depending on the way of providing the available information. Genetic Algorithm is based on a several processes of searching and simplifying and use the directed selection achieve optimal CDSS result. The algorithm will first determine properties of sets of solutions to a problem. Every solution that generated will be recombined, mutated and repeat the process again. The rotation of finding solution will not stop until a proper solution is found. The knowledge used in finding solution is derived from patient data. It usually focus on those disease that caused by narrow list of symptoms. (Wikipedia, 2010) Architecture of Clinical Decision Support System 3.1. Basic Concept of Decision Support System Architecture Since Clinical decision support system is a kind of decision support system that is design to assist clinician in decision making tasks. The architecture design of decision support system always consists of two major sub-systems which is human decision maker and computer systems. Construct a decision support system with only computer hardware and software program is not a correct concept because there might be some unstructured or semi structured decision (those decisions cannot be decide through a collection of mathematical model or formula) is not able to be programmed by system because its precisely nature thinking from a human and it is elusive and complex. There is no such independent component in a decision support system. It always needs a human decision maker as another component of decision support system to integrate with computer systems. The function of human decision maker is not to build a database for decision support system. Instead of build a database, it functions a s a decision maker that provides judgment, share their experience and exercises intuition throughout the entire process of decision making. The very first step of decision making is begin with the creation of a decision support model (decision support model is the formula or the way that helps user to filter or decide the specific result) by using some integrated DSS program such as Microsoft Excel. System will interact with database through Database Management Systems (DBMS) and deal the data from database with the decision support model through Model-Based Management System (MBMS). DBMS is an application that used to create, manage as well as control the access to the database. MBMS is an application that embedded within a DSS program that allow user to create, edit and delete the decision support model. By going through DBMS and MBMS, model is able to associate with the data from database to make a specific decision. DSS diagram.png Figure 1.0 Decision Support System diagram The diagram above shows DBMS and MBMS is integrated with the DSS to communicate with the models and database to provide result to users. 3.2. Four-Phase Model of Clinical Decision Support Architecture Four-Phase Model of clinical decision support architecture is referring to 4 type of architecture that has been used in clinical decision support system development. These architectures also representing the evolutionary of clinical decision support system. This 4 type of architecture is standalone decision support system (1959), integrated system (1967), standards-based system (1989), service models (2005). The phases is happen sequentially, every phase is learned and influenced from previous phases. Standalone Decision Support System The first phase is Standalone decision support system which happened in year 1959. They were systems that operate separately from clinical system. The clinician got to purposely seek the system out and enter information of his medical cases and then wait for the system to interpret the result. This kind of system is easy to develop because user that comes with medical knowledge and computer skills can make one of it. It is easy to share as well because the system is easy to develop, it can be categorized as a simple system, user can just make a copy of the program and then mail to another who wishes to use the system. There are limitations such as they required user to enter all the information needed by the system to make it inference. Another disadvantage is user got to seek out how the system works and flow. User that is lack of medical knowledge might have problem in system usage and might causes a lot of medical error. Thus, they cannot be proactive. It also very time consuming, it may takes half to an hour to enter a case because the models feature is very narrow and it required a lot of information to generate an output. Integrated System Due to the significant problems from standalone CDSS, developers begun to involve the architecture into another which is integrated system. The invented of Integrated system have solved a lot of problems. First of them is termination of multiple user input. The information is stored electronically after the first input by the user. Another significant solution is system can be proactive. They can alert user when it detect dangerous between drugs interaction or the dosing error automatically. The major disadvantage of integrated system is difficult to share. This system is very complex because it directly built with large clinical system. Therefore, it cant directly share to others who are not using the same clinical system. Unlike standalone system which built only based on self knowledge and computer skills. It can be send to anyone who wanted to use it. Another major problem is knowledge management problem. When there is an update for knowledge or clinical guideline, it maybe needs to find the source code to know where is guideline used. Standard-Based System In order to make content sharable, several research and effort had been undertaken to standardize clinical decision support content. The standardization of content has overcome many disadvantage of integrated system. It shares the clinical decision support content by separate the code that describing the content from source code. However, it still has some limitations. First, there is way too much standard format to choose. There are over hundred of standard to represent a simple notification. Standardized encoded may constrain a users standard. The standard that user intended to write has the difficulty to compatible with the standardized standard. Service Models Service Models, the most recent CDSS architecture. It recombined clinical information system and clinical decision support system components by using a standard application programming interface (API). This models standardizing both clinical decision support system and clinical system into one interface. Both systems will only look at only one clinical system and one CDSS at a time although the knowledge about patient and medicine are across many places. Clinical Decision Supports Algorithm 4.1 Artificial Neural Network Artificial Neural Network is a method that used by non knowledge-based CDSS. It required training from experts in a form of artificial intelligence. It will base on the past experiences or recognized examples to create a set of solution to a medical problem. They possess the Human-Brain-Like behavior instead of Computer-Like. Due to the capability of knowing the behavior of problem through its experiences, they are commonly used in recognition problems. From the result, this methodology is very well in determining narrow and well-defined clinical problem. Three general type of algorithm used by machine learning which is unsupervised, reinforcement and supervised. Unsupervised Learning Unsupervised learning means the computer identify some natural grouping within a database by based on how similar the items are and what makes a Good group without being provided examples of feature values of items. Therefore, the way of machine learning also called clustering. Unfortunately, unsupervised learning is not being used in many studies of various type of diagnosis. Reinforcement Learning In reinforcement learning, it is not provided any samples of feature values of items. Instead of giving the samples, it is given a specific main point or feedbacks which are able to determine whether the system is on the right track. Supervised Learning In supervised learning, the computer is given the samples of feature value of items. The reason of doing supervised learning is to develop a classifier that can predicts all the possibility from given predetermined classes or samples based on a set of attributes and features to describe the items. 4.2 Bayesian Network Bayesian Network shows a set of variables and dependencies of conditional among the variables via Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). Each node in the graph represents a variable and particular node will link to its neighbor to show the dependencies among the corresponding variables. This algorithm provides a simple understanding and definition between any two nodes. It helps predict and compute every possibility event might occur in a specific condition. In the stand of medical view, it can compute every possibility diseases by based on the symptoms given. For example, fever, cough, sore throat and chilling might lead to symptoms of Dengue disease. There are two important component consists in this algorithm which are structure and a set of parameters. Structure of the Bayesian Network is constructed from DAG. Every node in DAG may be given value by the parent node. Parameters are describing the relationship and the probabilities of a node to its parent. These components can support Bayesian Network computation by using the chain rule. Therefore, parameter and structure learning must be carrying out to fully represent probability distribution. Parameter learning is to specify each node in DAG is approximately distributed based on varies conditional. Structure learning is to identify the way of distribution throughout the whole network by based on the local data. When learning Bayesian Network, the amount of training data is very important and it directly affected the correctness of the network. Therefore, training data must be provided enough through employment of experts to provide various form of knowledge to improve the accuracy of the models. The experts might provide some knowledge that specifying a condition among the variables in Bayesian Network. Bayesian Network Example.png Figure 2.0 Example of Bayesian Network The example shows that fever and chilling maybe the symptoms of Dengue Disease. In another way, chilling maybe the side effect of fever. 4.3 Logical Condition

Characteristics and behaviors of an effective counselor Essay -- Psych

Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling The purpose of this paper is to analyze counselor behaviors and characteristics utilizing a case study from the COUN 6100 learning resources (n.d.). The first section will include aspects of the counselor’s responses I find to be effective. The next will examine areas where I see the counselor’s interactions as ineffective. The final section will feature an overview of how the factors in the preceding sections might impact the case study session. Effective Characteristics and Behaviors Levitt (2001) stresses active listening as a key element of successful counseling interactions. This listening style includes a number of verbal and nonverbal skills that give the client a sense of being heard and understood (Cooper, 2010). I was only able to analyze the verbal aspects of the counselor’s interactions due to the nature of the case study. The counselor in this scenario does a good job of asking several open questions and paraphrasing the client’s thoughts. An example of an open question is when he says, â€Å"Tell me about what anger issues look like for you.† This gave more control to the client and elicited specific information to deepen the conversation (Cooper, 2010). There is a time in the scenario when the counselor suggests that the client’s wife come to the session, despite the client’s earlier comments about his wish to focus on himself. The counselor realizes his mistake and apologizes to the client immediately. He then reflects on how that exchange might have felt, which is validated by the client. This could be effective in strengthening their relationship. The summary is another important way for the counselor to help the client organize key thoughts, feelings and... ...tentiveness, I think that the therapeutic relationship started in this scenario can be productive. References Cooper, J.B. (2010). Counseling microskills. In B.T. Erford (Ed.), Orientations to the Counseling Profession: Advocacy, ethics, and essential professional foundations (pp.148-162). New Jersey: Pearson. Levitt, D. (2001). Active Listening and Counselor Self-Efficacy: Emphasis on One Microskill in Beginning Counselor Training. Clinical Supervisor, 20(2), 101. Tape Transcript. (n.d.). [Learning resource]. Retrieved from http://sylvan.live.ecollege.com/ec/courses/76294/CRS-WUPSYC6205-6211712/6100_Wk_5_Tape_Transcript_1.26.10.doc Sheperis, D.S. and Ellis, C.M., (2010). The counseling process. In B.T. Erford (Ed.), Orientations to the Counseling Profession: Advocacy, ethics, and essential professional foundations (pp.124-147). New Jersey: Pearson.

Renaissance in Middle Ages

In many eras, events happened as a reaction, and often an overreaction, to events of the prior era. In the Middle Ages, a proper education was extremely rare for the common people. As a reaction to the Middle Ages, in the early renaissance, there was a strong focus on a classical education consisting of Greek, Latin, the classics, and art. As the population and economy grew and books became more readily available, people became disillusioned with the impractical classical education, demanding an education leading to practical professions. In the early renaissance, emphasis was redirected from clerical to secular life. The secular humanist idea held that the church should not rule civic matters, but should guide only spiritual matters. The church disdained the accumulation of wealth and worldly goods, supported a strong but limited education, and believed that moral and ethical behavior was dictated by scripture. Humanists, however, believed that wealth enabled them to do fine, noble deeds, that good citizens needed a good, well-rounded education, and that moral and ethical issues were related more to secular society than to spiritual concerns. Humanists paid close attention to classical studies because most of the humanist philosophy was based on Greek and Roman ideas. In addition to the study of Latin and Greek, a classical education consisted of scientific matters, government, rhetoric, philosophy and art. In the Middle Ages, the church discouraged education to keep people under the control of the church. People were guided by the teachings of the church and had little opinion to what was being told to them. Books were also very costly and were mostly written in Latin, an unfamiliar language to the common people. People were taught Greek and Latin so that they could understand the books available to them. In 1445, Gutenberg invented the printing press, making books more plentiful and therefore affordable for the educated middle class. They also began printing books in European languages. By the late stages of the renaissance, the population started to rise dramatically and the economy started to boom. With a larger population, more merchants and tradesman and other people with practical skills were needed. With books more readily available, people demanded books in the many languages of Europe. As a result, the concentration in education focused on local languages, practical mathematics, science and trades. Although the renaissance reversed the practices of medieval times by restoring education in the classics and gave rebirth to independent thought, the masses demanded a redirection of education to practical and useful skills. The focus on humanism forced the Church to play a secondary role in peoples† lives. Despite the changes in education and philosophy during the renaissance, Europe eventually molded itself into a well-rounded society.

State Court Statistics

State Court Statistics The State courts that will be used in this comparison of statistics and case load are: Michigan, New York, California, and Maryland.The court systems in Michigan are relatively simple. The lowest court is the district court followed by the circuit court, court of appeals, and the Michigan Supreme Court. The New York Court Structure entails a variety of departments for diverse matters. Within the lower courts, there are: a Civil Court of The City Of New York for Civil trials that has jurors; A Criminal Court of the City of New York; The Town and Village Justice Court for Community matters with jurors; Family Court; District Courts; City Courts; Court of Claims with no jurors dealing with State matters. Subsequently, Surrogates Court for adoption/Guardian matters; County Courts for matters in that precise areas; Supreme Court; Appellate Divisions of Supreme Court for administrational matters; Appellate Terms of Supreme Court for the other sub departments within the other courts; and Co urt of Appeals for and Capital crime, and matters that is being reviewed by the higher court.Michigan Hall of Justice in Lansing, MichiganCalifornia has two types of courts: 58 trial courts, one in each county, and appellate courts. Trial courts are the superior courts; appellate courts are the six districts of the Courts of Appeal and the California Supreme Court. MarylandThough the court structures may vary from state to state, one thing is the same; The Court of Appeals is the highest court in the State (commonly called the Supreme Court in other states). With this in mind, the similarities between the Court Structures in Michigan; Maryland; California; and New York is that each of the State's highest courts entails the same number of seven judges that handles mandatory jurisdiction in administrational; and appellate decisions. Additionally, Michigan's and New York's Court of Claims do not...

Memorisation then rote rehearsal Essays

Memorisation then rote rehearsal Essays Memorisation then rote rehearsal Paper Memorisation then rote rehearsal Paper The aim of my investigation was to investigate whether imagery was a better form of memorisation then rote rehearsal. Different psychologists have found one method to have a different level of effectiveness than the other. The one-tailed hypothesis for this investigation would be which is a better form of memorisation, imagery or rote rehearsal? The hypothesis was mainly concerned with investigating which factor, either imagery or rote rehearsal was the better form of memorisation. To investigate this, my aim is to use a group of 6th form students and examine which is the better form of memorisation. The study used repeated measures design. The sample I used was the opportunistic sample whereby I obtained those participants who were available to me at that time. I will be testing a representative sample of 20 students. The study will be carried out in a field setting. There will be some ethical issues that I will need to into consideration such as participants consent, right to withdrawal e. t. c. The results were collected on a sheet (appendix ). The words that were correctly remembered with the associated word were written down on the sheet. The participants were taken into a separate room so that other participants were not around, thus avoiding conferring and distraction. The results obtained showed that imagery is a better form of memorisation then rote rehearsal. It was found that more people INTRODUCTION There are various ways in which we can encode stimulus inputs. It may be stored as a visual representation so that you form a visual image of either the printed word itself or a pictorial image of it, or you could form an acoustic representation by saying the written word aloud. Alternatively you could form a semantic representation of the word, this would depend on your knowledge on the meaning of the word. My aim for this coursework is to find out weather imagery is a better form of storing information than rote rehearsal. Craik and Watkins distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal, in which material is rehearsed in the form in which it was presented (rote) Elaborative rehearsal, which elaborate the material in some way, e. g. by giving it a meaning or linking it with pre-existing knowledge Many psychologists have done research to suggest the procesess of encoding information. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the multi-store memory model, it attempted to explain how information from one storage system to another. The multi-store model sees rehearsal as the key control process, which transfers which helps to transfer information from short term-memory to long-term memory. The Brown-Peterson technique shows that STMs duration is very short and in the absence of rehearsal. However, information can be held in long-term memory almost indefinitely through maintenance rehearsal. Other Psychologists have tried to explain that imagery is a better technique for memorisation rather then rehearsal. Some psychologists who have done this are: Wollen et al (72). Bower and Springston Richardson et al (74). AIM My aim is to replicate the research carried out by Bower and Winzenz. They found that the imagery is a better technique for memorisation rather then rehearsal and that the participants of their research recalled more words using the technique process of imagery rather then rote rehearsal. The aim of the research is to see if the my findings will be the same as Bowers et al. HYPOTHESES Experimental hypothesis: There will be a significant difference between the number of words recalled using imagery rather than rote rehearsal, participants will remember more words using the technique of imagery rather than rote rehearsal. Null hypothesis: If any difference occurs between the number of words recalled using imagery and the number of words recalled using rehearsal, it will be due to chance alone DISSCUSSION From the experiment I found that recall was better when participants memorised the word using imagery. These results allow me to reject the null hypothesis, that all results will be due to chance alone and accept the experimental hypothesis. I have been able to fulfil my aim to find out if my findings will be the same or different as Bowers, the results are similar: that imagery was a better form of memorisation then rehearsal. Although this is true for the general results if we look at the individual results: participant 6 re-called three words using rehearsal but only one using imagery, this is true for several other participants. This could be due to the fact that the participants were actually using the imagery technique instead of rote rehearsal even though we had asked them not to. This is a point that needs to be taken into consideration if a repetition of the experiment is to be done. However it could be that rehearsal may actually be a better technique of memorisation, as some psychological research has found this to be correct. Some psychologists who found rehearsal is better technique for recall are Atkinson and Shiffrin, they found that rehearsal was a better technique for memorisation rather then imagery. They believed that memory traces in STM are fragile and can be lost within about 30 seconds unless they are repeated (rehearsed), if this is done them the materials remain for a lifetime. Richardson (72) supported the fact that imagery was a better technique compared to rehearsal. I think there are several ways for me to improve the research that I conducted if I were to re-do it. Instead of using sixth form students I will use adults, as some of the participants were not taking it seriously enough, that way the response is more likely to be more accurate. The research that I carried out did not take place in a natural environment so this could have affected the participants in some way, as they were aware this was an experiment. I could not have carried out my experiment in any other way, however if that was possible I would have had to break ethical issues such as consent and debriefing the participants: it would have been deception. I carried out the research in school, even though it was a classroom with its doors closed the participants were still affected by the noise made by other students walking past the classroom who were not participating in the experiment. Another limitation is that the number of participants involved was very small, to generalise I would need a much bigger sample as this way I would not be taking into account individual differences. Implications of the research: I could re-do this experiment but test imagery with other memory aids such as mnemonics and colour coding. As even though generally participants did better using imagery there were still some participants who did not, so it would be interesting to explore if other methods of recall are even better then memory Also I could use a much bigger participant sample, as this would allow mw to generalise my findings. My findings support and strengthen bowers research but question other researchers such as Anderson and Atkinson and Shiffrin. More Research is needed to discover what is the best method for recall.

Drug Courts in the US Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drug Courts in the US - Research Paper Example This research paper aims at compiling a report on the effectiveness of drug courts in the United States. Brooklyn treatment court is among the largest drug courts in New York. This court documented the effectiveness of drug courts in reforming drug offenders struggling with addiction. It is documented that this court views drug offenders as individuals struggling with a chronic disease and not as a moral breakdown viewed by the judicial system. This court comes up with bands of treatment that have measurements of success used in evaluating the progress of the offender. Though the offenders upon release often come back with similar charges, the court views relapse as inevitable in any offender being rehabilitated from drug. The court reports that since the intervention measures adopted in drug courts are situation specific and contextualized their effectiveness in reforming the offenders is inevitable (Dorf & Sabel, 2000). Consequently, effectiveness of drug courts in the United States is also documented in the Belenko’s study. From his study of drug courts, it is reported that drug courts reported higher retention rates as they emphasized a more closer and comprehensive framework and supervision with the offenders. The drug testing which evidenced reduced levels in subsequent visits evidenced this. In addition, drug courts aided in judicial saving since there was reduces jail and prison use (Belenko, 2003). Subsequently, drug courts have been documented to reduce criminality. This is attributed to the fact that the offenders are under the strict supervision of their supervisors and have to report to the court. This reduces the chances for them to engage in criminal activities. It is documented that the main aim of any correction strategy is to reduce the rate of recidivism. Drug courts have been documented to be effective since they have been documented to reduce the rate of recidivism with a substantial margin (Weiman, 2007). Members of the

International Arbitration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Arbitration - Research Paper Example It is not a surprise that the research compares the two, though they are more of a single state, China and Hong Kong have different ways of tackling international cases and in this research states the differences and similarities, the advantages and disadvantages that arise because of those differences and similarities. In Hong Kong, the court ensures minimum interference in international arbitration and everything to do with supervising legal matters of international arbitration is done by the Hong Kong International Arbitration Center and the other bodies within it. The company took over all the responsibilities in international arbitration that would have been carried out by the Hong Kong court. The case is different for China where the People's court is also in part responsible for dealing with international arbitration though it also has an independent body with which it works. So this is meant to give all these details and come up with the best means of court's involvement in international arbitration and cases of the like. Research results will be based on the literature that is available about the two states but also on the answers and responses that will be received from the interviews and questionnaires that will be distributed. This research is meant to explain China's and Hong Kong's courts' supervision and assistance in internationa... The research will also try to compare the local arbitration procedures to international procedures in order to assist in getting a difference between the procedures of handling local cases and those of handling international cases. The research aims at pointing out areas that need improvement and therefore come up with suggestions to improve the Chinese court's involvement in international arbitration as compared to Hong Kong's. The Objective of the Research With detailed information on the involvement of the court of the people's republic of China in international arbitration, this research will also bring to light the position of Hong Kong's court in international arbitration. Just as for the people's republic of China so shall it be for Hong Kong, the research seeks to find out Hong Kong's courts involvement in terms of supervision and assistance in international arbitration. From the findings a comparison will be made of the two involvements i.e. the involvement of the court of People's Republic of China in international arbitration and the involvement of the Hong Kong court in supervising international arbitration. Therefore the main objective of this research is to compare the involvement of the two courts in international arbitration, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the degree of the court's involvement in international arbitration and from these come up with suggestions on what the court could do to improve international arbitration. Both for the people's republic of China and for Hong Kong. The Scope of the Research The scope of the study will be the court of the People's Republic of China and the Hong