Unions and Collective Bargaining/Discrimination in the...

I. ESSAY ONE - Collective Bargaining is essential component in any industrial democracy. Labor market can be defined as the mechanism in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for workers. In a labor market, wages, benefits and responsibilities of workers are bought and sold. Unlike traditional markets however, labor is not a good that can be differentiated by conventional rules of supply and demand. While workers are the suppliers and employers are the buyers, overall supply cannot be manufactured as people only have a limited amount of time in a day. Additionally, companies are strong and can often directly manipulate the market by setting strict labor rules, triggering potential reductions in any supply side†¦show more content†¦Collective bargaining sets monthly wages, benefits and working hours on the negotiation table, not through each workers individual production or efficiency efforts. This may be negative for the hardest working union members as R ecent research suggests that productivity is substantially higher when employees monetary incentives are based solely on individual effort. The most direct impact workers face is the monthly deduction from salaries. These deductions could wipeout your short term compensatory gains that the union originally created. Finally, within existing economic labor models, hard work, increased wages and benefits should eventually come from a natural market fluctuation. As a result, disciplined and valuable workers will distance themselves from their counterparts and raise employers demand for these individuals, while reducing their low skilled equivalents. Over the past several decades, there has been a steady decline in the demand for low skilled workers. An argument could also be made that corporations, management and employers are not as powerful as their predecessors, thus not able to get away with the tactics used 20 to 30 years ago. The logic above could support the recent reductio n nationally in union membership. Some of the most profitable American companiesShow MoreRelatedCollective Bargaining And Bargaining Agreements1704 Words   |  7 Pagesterm â€Å"collective bargaining† and list and describe four issues that are mandatory components of a collective bargaining agreement. The term collective bargaining is defined as the system of bargaining when representatives of the employer and the employees negotiate the terms and conditions of employment that will apply to the employees. In the United States collective bargaining agreements are legally binding and typically last one to five years. (Budd, 2013,) PAGE 235 Collective bargaining is oneRead MoreThe Role Of Collective Bargaining And Resolve Industrial Disputes1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of collective bargaining to resolve industrial disputes Collective bargaining was first used in 1891 by Beatrice Webb between employers and employees as the way to resolve disputes. Collective bargaining are the negotiations carried out by a recognised in a workplace trade union and the employer. These negotiations deal with terms and conditions of employment. Thus, one of the aims of a trade union is to negotiate with employers in order to achieve the best possible results for their membersRead MoreLabor Relations: Collective Bargaining Agreements1588 Words   |  7 PagesCollective Bargaining Collective bargaining is the process which involves negotiation on the employment’s terms between the employer and employees. The employment terms possibly include the items like working conditions, employment conditions and workplace rules, overtime pay, base pay, work hours, work holidays, shift length, vacation time, sick leave, health care benefits and retirement benefits. In US, the collective bargaining is done among the leaders of labor union and the company’s managementRead MoreEmployee Relations And Work Environment Success1639 Words   |  7 Pages Assignment 2: Unions Shirley A. Allen Argosy University B7426 Strategic Talent Management M3 Assignment 2 Dr. Marianne Greenfield September 16, 2015 Assignment 2: Unions Students are required to assume the role of a collective bargaining consultant. The collective bargaining consultant duties are to review the employees’ policies of the global retailer business. This company has been operating for many years, with effective employee relations and work environment successRead MoreEssay on australias wage determination system988 Words   |  4 Pages Australia has gone from a highly centralized wage determination system to a mainly decentralized one. There has been a move away from accords and awards to enterprise bargaining, through the 96 Workplace Relations Act. Recent policies include changes to unfair dismissal claims and the 2005 workplace reforms package. Throughout the 20th century, Australia has maintained a system of tribunals to make decisions about wage and non wage outcomes and to help resolve industrial disputes. InstitutionalRead MoreLabor Relations3179 Words   |  13 Pagesterm â€Å"collective bargaining† and list and describe  four issues that are  mandatory  components of a collective bargaining agreement.   Collective bargaining can be defined as the process of involving representatives from both employers and employees to come to terms and conditions of employment that both parties agree. These agreements are written into legally binding contacts good for one to five years. (Budd, 2009, p. 229) Four issues that are mandatory components of collective bargaining agreementRead MoreAustralias Wage Determination System Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia has gone from a highly centralized wage determination system to a mainly decentralized one. There has been a move away from accords and awards to enterprise bargaining, through the 96 Workplace Relations Act. Recent policies include changes to unfair dismissal claims and the 2005 workplace reforms package. Throughout the 20th century, Australia has maintained a system of tribunals to make decisions about wage and non wage outcomes and to help resolve industrial disputes. InstitutionalRead MoreWalmart Corporation s Labor And Employee Relations1700 Words   |  7 Pagesallegations been made by employees regarding their dissatisfaction about poor work conditions, gender discrimination, low wages, poor benefits, and inadequate health care. Walmart has been criticized for its policies against labor unions and this issue has prompted public outrage, (Johansson, 2005) which is of great concern for the market. The company has also faced criticism for being anti-union, but it has claimed that it is rather pro-associate, whereby employees can report their grievances withRead MoreJob Dismissals And Sweet Deals1390 Words   |  6 Pagesunprecedented decline in the density and bargaining power of trade unions in western democracies. Among the reasons for this trend, include rapid globalization, v olatile market conditions that trigger unemployment, the prevalence of anti-union laws, and intense hostility of employers towards unionization. Cyclic economic downturns have increased the operating costs over the years, especially in the form of wages and salaries demanded by employees through trade unions. High costs of operations translateRead MoreConflict Resolution Is Compromise And Understanding The Needs Of Others925 Words   |  4 Pagescan be negotiated or resolved effectively (Pon.harvard.edu, 2015). Collective bargaining is a process where an employer and employee representatives negotiate agreements dealing with conditions of employment, work hours and wages. The only states where public employees have the right to collective bargaining are; New Jersey and Florida. In the states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia, collective bargaining is illegal for firefighters. Twenty four states currently have right

Honda Case - 1468 Words

1. Does adapting the promotion of its motors vehicles to suit each country’s culture make sense for Honda? No, adapting the promotion of Honda’s motor vehicle to suit every culture does not make sense. The adaption of different promotions for each country will be useful for improving the sales of the motor vehicles of Honda. The company spend just a little time and money in the promotion which is not good and effective. Every country is different and has a specific culture, different values and believes. All consumers have various tastes and preferences of promotion method. If promotion are specially designed for one county’s consumers, not only the consumers will be more willing to buy the products but also the image of Honda will be†¦show more content†¦Honda’s Jazz (13,800 â‚ ¬) costs nearly the same like the Peugeot’s 307 (13,250 â‚ ¬), but the Peugeot’s ones it the most sold car in the European in 2007 with 437,505 no. of cars! This it related to the brand image. Honda has a low brand image and a low breadth of product for the customers in Europe like Daewoo and Hyundai. Peugeot for example has a brand image like Audi or Volvo, so the target group think that the â€Å"high price† is reasonable for the Peugeot’s 307 (but not for the Jazz). Honda should work on their brand image and if the image provides a qualitative bases for a similar pricing strategy than the prices could be nearly the same like the competition. 4. Should Honda change its product mix from country to country? Yes, Honda should definitely change the product mix a bit from every country to country due to the cultural differences. The different cultures includes different needs and wants from customers and an unequal image of a product. Therefore, some changes of the vehicles or extras included into the product in those different markets could help to increase the sales. Also the promotion has to be considered. The customers have different approaches and the advertising strategy should fit to the different product mix. In relation to the issue of changing product mix from country-to-country in the European market, one must realize that Honda already does that with 2 specially models for the United Kingdom, 16 models in Germany, 11 models in Italy, and 9Show MoreRelatedHonda Case2510 Words   |  11 PagesCase Analysis People Management Fiasco In Honda Motorcycles and Scooters India Ltd. Submitted To : Dr. Madhumita Chatterji Submitted by: Swagatika Sarangi People Management Fiasco In HMSI INTRODUCTION: HMSI was established on October 20th 1999 with an aim to produce world class scooters and motorcycles in India. The state of the art HMSI factory, located in Gurgaon, was spread over 52 acres. The initial installed capacity was 100000 scooters per year, which was scheduled to reachRead MoreHonda Canada Case Study1004 Words   |  5 Pages Business Information †¢ Honda Auto, M/C, P/E Marine Customer Relations180 Honda Blvd Markham, ON L6C 0H9 †¢ Toll free no: - 1800647635 Industry sector †¢ Car manufacturers †¢ Automotive supply chain †¢ Commercial vehicles Business information In 1969, when Honda came to Canada, we came as a little association with a dream. We began with bicycles and power equipment and it took a huge amount of work to get the sureness and trust of Canadians. Regardless, we locked in and after some timeRead MoreCase Study : Honda Motor Co1271 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Honda Motor Co., Ltd. (HMC) is one of the world’s largest multinational enterprises which is mainly renowned as motorcycles, automobiles and power products manufacturer (Honda Motor Co., Ltd., 2014). In the automobile industry, according to its brand positioning as â€Å"The Power of Dream†, HMC is determined to pursue and to fulfil its expectation for its target customers by continuously developing and creating new values of the products (ibid, 2014). For USA market, American Honda Motor CoRead MoreA Case Study: Soichiro Honda2298 Words   |  10 PagesSoichiro Honda â€Å"Planning helps in forecasting the future, makes the future visible to some extent. It bridges between where we are and where we want to go. Planning is looking ahead.† * www.wikipedia.org Soichiro Honda, a simple apprentice boy, able to create the multi billion dollars business empire that the Honda Motor Company is today, what were the strategies and planning that he implemented that got him success, and took his small business into each and every part of the world. Honda alwaysRead MoreCase Study : Honda Motor Company1333 Words   |  6 PagesHonda Motor Company is a Japanese corporation known for manufacturing automobiles, motorcycles, aircrafts, and power equipment. Soichiro Honda founded Honda Motor Company in 1948. Mr. Honda began his career making piston rings for Toyota. He created an automated system for creating the piston rings that could be ran by unskilled workers. Mr. Honda stopped working for Toyota around 1946 and began using surplus radio generator engines from World War II to build and sell motorized bicycles. Honda createdRead MoreHonda Case2579 Words   |  11 PagesHonda in Europe( INTRODUCTION The Honda Motor Company first entered the European market in the early 1960s through the sale of its motorcycles. The company’s motor vehicles were introduced into Europe at a much later date. Honda’s motor vehicle sales in Europe have been relatively poor, especially in the previous five years. Despite its huge success in the North American market, Honda is struggling to gain a significant foothold in the European market. Honda executives wonder why theirRead MoreThe Honda Effect Case Study1579 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Honda is a Japan based company and is the world’s largest manufacturer of motorcycles as well as the world’s manufacturer of motor vehicles, producing more than 14 million internal motor vehicles each year. The Honda Motor Company was founded by Soichiro Honda in 1948. In 1959, he opened the American Honda Motor Company, so he could fulfil his dream of building a high performance motorcycle and marketing it globally. The discussion below briefly emphasises on the strategy used by Honda to gainRead MoreEngagement and Innovation: the Honda Case7781 Words   |  32 PagesThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0305-5728.htm VINE 39,4 Engagement and innovation: the Honda case 280 University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, and Robert Paton Niru Karunaratne Received 25 June 2009 Revised 22 September 2009 Accepted 23 September 2009 Honda Motor Group, Ontario, Canada Abstract Purpose – Research and development (RD) plays a signiï ¬ cant role in creating and sustaining technological leadership.Read MoreAssignment Case Study Honda1227 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment Case study Honda Marketing [pic] Introduction: This individual assignment will be assessed by means of a 3,500  ± 10% word report. The assignment has been designed to allow you to develop and use your knowledge and skills in understanding key strategic issues relating to the Global Automobile Industry. You will be required to apply the strategic concepts and analytical techniques studied in this module. All the learningRead MoreHonda B Case Study801 Words   |  4 PagesJanuary 31, 2011 MAN4720 Honda Case Study B Honda’s emphasis on technology began with Sochiro Honda’s own tinkering to develop engines one at a time, and his ambition to build and race high performance motorcycles. The success of his higher horsepower engines confirmed his ability as a designer. Beginning with the study of combustion, he doubled horsepower and halved weights of engines. The establishment of The Honda Institute of Technology was misleading because, while it sounded big

Supply Chain Planning and Control Issues

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Planning and Control Issues. Answer: Introduction The supply chain is the network by the help of which the whole organization is able to perform altogether to coordinate the entire process of business activities for delivering the organizational products within the market. The Supply chain planning considers all types of activities related to the logistics such as maintenance, distribution, procurement and inventory management. It also includes some other organizational activities such as marketing, development of new product, financial management, and customer service management. The main objective of any supply chain planning of any company is to reduce the rate of inventory. Nowadays, SCM is the most important backbone of the business organizations. The SCM includes all those activities which are required to launch any product into the market. An effective SCM is always able to make a large group of satisfied customers. The process of SCM generally includes all those organizational activities which take place in manufacturing ope rations, purchasing process of the customers and distribution and transportation of their products within the market. By the help of SCM, the business owners are able to link their Stakeholders and business partners into a single thread or chain. In this research study, the researchers identify the supply chain planning issues of NTUC Fairprice Company and analyze the outcomes of the business. Discussion NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd Company was founded by the labor movement in the year of 1973. The founder of this company has a social mission behind the establishing of this company. At the beginning, the firm was a supermarket only, but recently it has acquired the position of the largest retail service provider throughout Singapore. The NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd Company supplies their products to nearly 430,000 shoppers every day, through a network of more than 141 outlets including FairPrice Finest, FairPrice Xtra, and FairPrice Supermarket. Recently the NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd Company owns a distribution center of Fresh food and also a centralized distribution and warehouse company. As per (Bozarth and Handfield, 2015), Introduction to Operations and Supply chain planning is a comprehensive and integrated topic of the introduction of both supply chain planning and operations. In the Fourth Edition of this book, the author describes the techniques and the analytical tools which are applied in the Supply chain planning and Operations. This research study has fixed their focus on the impact of Supply chain planning and the control issues in the NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd Company. The NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd Company deals with food retail business within the sector of the supermarket. The NTUC Fairprice Company has not used only standards to enhance the cost efficiency and operations of their business. By the help of SCM, the NTUC Fairprice Company is able to increase the standards of the retail industry in Singapore by facilitating the local retail companies and the suppliers to use that standard (Yinan et al., 2014). The business process in the supermarket sectors is a diverse business that supplies lots of food which consumed by the people through all over the world. The value chain of any service and products depend on the supplied raw materials and the food products which are delivered to the international buyers to the international buyers. An effective supply chain process always helps the compan y to pull the complex process within the industry to enhance the quality, efficiency, and safety of the business process. In the recent days, there is a significant growth in Singapore regarding the consumption of grocery items or products. The value chain of the NTUC Fairprice Company is similar to the other large supermarket companies. The reports are provided by over viewing the three most important business functions such as retail in NTUC Fairprice, distribution and procurement (Tayur et al., 2012). All of these functions are included in the distribution and processing of the products by following the standards. To identify the supply chain process and the control issues of NTUC Fairprice Company, it needs to identify the entire process flow among the three most important business functions. The most important three business functions are Procurement It refers the management of the relationship between the suppliers and the sourcing.Distribution or warehousing Distribution or warehousing consists of the outbound logistics and the inbound logistics. The outbound logistics describe the process of delivering the products to the retail stores and the inbound logistics describe the process of delivering the products to the distribution centers.Retail service Through retail service, the NTUC Fairprice Company is able to serve and meet the daily demands of their consumers. The partnership or relationship between the NTUC Fairprice and their suppliers basically depends on the trust of the standards which are used to enhance the safety and quality of their products and service. The suppliers of the firm acts in accordance with Hazard and Critical Control Point (HACCP), as they are the food suppliers (Stadtler, 2015). For the supply of household products to the company, the suppliers should have followed the HACCP certified process. It is also essential for the company to deliver their products efficiently for keeping the costs down. In recent days, the NTUC Fairprice Company has increased their number of retail stores in Singapore. They also reduce the working capital of each store and the staff numbers within the procurement department are maintained by the company at the same level. The systematic training programs help the organization to expand their knowledge about the operating process and also help the company to enhance and maintain the variety and quality of their products and services. They also make sure that the suppliers should deliver their products in a good condition (Slack et al., 2013). The NTUC Fairprice Company also follows temperature controlled supply chain at the time of delivering dairy products and raw meat because they should never compromise with the safety and health factors of their consumers. By the help of an effective supply chain process, the NTUC Fairprice Company can easily expand the source of dairy products and raw meat. The NTUC Fairprice Company is continuously tried to improve their business process. They introduce an innovative sortation system within their business process and also implement a good warehouse management in their main distribution center by the help of which the company is able to integrate the information and the product flow smoothly within the warehouse (Schnsleben, 2016). By the help of a proper supply chain planning the company is able to exchange their reliable data which also enhance the effectiveness of the communication along with the different departments and also able to reduce the time which is taken to fulfill the orders of the retail stores. Due to this reduction of time, the company is able to increase their operational accuracy. For these reasons, the operational costs of the organization also get reduced. Analysis It becomes very important to understand the issues coming between the supply chain planning activities as it will help in increasing the effectiveness of the concerned organization. NTUC is considered to be the supermarket chain throughout the different parts of Singapore and the firm has more than 100 supermarkets throughout the entire Island. Some of the crucial issues are related to the order fulfillment, reduction in the cases of damage handling, return cases and the quality of the products offered to the respective customers throughout the concerned market segments (Rushton et al., 2014). The supply chain planning includes various other operations such as the manufacturing operations, transpiration, purchasing and the physical distribution of the products and therefore it becomes more important for NTUC Fair price to understand the issues in the supply chain planning system and to rectify it. One of the major issues is seen between the cost price of the supply chain activities a nd this critically affects the execution of the business processes of NTUC. There exists crucial requirement of the cost reduction techniques as to bring out the desired positive results for the firm (Ross, 2015). Throughout the Singapore market areas, it has been seen that the consumption of the grocery products is increasing rapidly and 20% of the total household's expenditure accounts for foods as well as the grocery products. NTUC is one of the three topmost retailers in the field of supermarkets throughout the competitive market segments of Singapore. Moreover, there are some of the critical issues related to the transportation and the distribution network of the NTUC and these needs to be improved in order to increase the efficiency of the business processes concerned. Another issue is regarding the management of the more number of suppliers effectively (Pahl and Vo, 2014). These suppliers are supposed to be vital for the growth and expansion of the business procedures towards the larger area of the market segments concerned. At present times, the economic crisis over the different parts of the world has somehow affected the supply chain and the management activities and therefore in order to reduce the impact of the economic crisis, the accumulation or the collection of a lot of funds is required (Monczka et al., 2015). The desired impact of the increase standards for the products has significantly affected the business procedures of NTUC giving rise to an increase in the quality of the products, which finally raises the cost generated for the entire process. On the other hand, the impact of the cold chain standards throughout the dollar has significantly affected the benefits provided by the firm to the customers (Kenne et al., 2012). There are some of the essential indicators, those are designed to bring out the desired impact of the issues on the growth and expansion of the business processes. Cold chain dairy and milk, as well as the chilled pork, w ere used as the procurement to the distribution centers by NTUC. Moreover, the operational indicators are considered to be the crucial areas where the improvement needs to be made s to provide the desired elevation in the execution of the supply chain planning activities (Johnson, 2014). There were issues regarding the time interment activities which were spent on dealing with the suppliers and therefore the delay occurred sometimes regarding the execution of the deliveries to the different customers concerned. One of the operational indicator as "number of return cases from the customers" reveals the unsatisfied customers regarding the wrong delivery or the issues regarding the quality of the products (Jacobs and Chase, 2013). Thus, there needs to be an improvement in enhancing the overall quality of the products as this will help in improving the supply chain planning activities to a great extent. Recommendation Customers are considered to be the most important sets of the concerned organization as they help in evaluating the desired growth of the business processes. There are many of the well-known companies who face significant issues related to the supply chain and the management activities and therefore it becomes very important to formulate effective strategies as to reduce these issues (Ivanov et al., 2012). First of all, the quality of the products should be checked before the delivery of these respective products as this will help in reducing the number of the return cases from the customers. The returning of the products from the customers increases the cost price of the supply chain activities giving a final rise in the extra expense and affects the business processes of the firm (Ivanov Sokolov, 2013). Therefore, the management and control department plays the most important role in evaluating the growth and the expansion of the business processes to a large area of the market se gments. Moreover, NTUC can form a group of three to four members in order to monitor the quality of the products before it is being shipped to the concerned customer as this will help in reducing the return cases from the clients (Heizer et al., 2016). In some of the cases, it has been seen that the color of the quality of the products sometimes goes out of stock and at that point of instance it becomes the primary responsibility of the employees to call the customers and asks regarding the same as this will increase the satisfaction level of the customers that the firm is looking forward the best quality and quantity of orders for delivering it to the clients. Moreover, the reduction of the extra costs caused due to the distribution and the supply of the products to the wide area of the market segments needs to be critically reduced (atay et al., 2014). The management team of NTUC requires taking immediate steps in evaluating the desired effectiveness for the reduction of the costs incurred during the shipping of the products. Moreover, the shipping of the products and making it reach faster to the concerned customers will enhance the reliability of the clients will help in increasing the profitability of the firm to a great extent (Dekker et al., 2013). It has been measured that there are some of the orders that sometimes got damaged while handling or because of the movement in the DC and therefore it needs to be reduced as to increase the quality of the products and making it safe to reach the customers. The damage caused during the distribution of the products from one place to another significantly affects the entire business practices and raises the process incurred while handling. This also increases the chances of getting the products returned by the customers due to damaged products received. In order to improve the overall supply chain planning processes of NTUC, it is vital to implement latest innovative tools as well as innovative techniques as the y will increase the satisfaction level of the customers (Dyckhoff et al., 2013). The use of the barcode technique is of great importance as it will help in evaluating the desired cost price and the quality of the products delivered to the respective customers. The storage capacity of the warehouse needs to be increased as per the demands received from the customers, moreover, the safety of the products kept in the warehouse should be of top level as this will increase the overall efficiency of the profits earned from the concerned business processes (Fernie Sparks, 2014). Entirely, it is estimated that the improvements in the quality of the products before delivering it to the respective customers will help in reducing the number of return cases and moreover it will reduce the increase in the extra costs due to returning of the products. Use of the latest tools and the innovative techniques will help in increasing the overall performance of NTUC throughout the target market areas o f Singapore. Conclusion In this research study, the researchers describe the supply chain planning of the NTUC Fairprice Company. They also recommend some innovative ideas to improve their business process and also to increase their profitability. The improvements in the quality of the products before delivering it to the respective customers will help in reducing the number of return cases and moreover, it will reduce the increase in the extra costs. The systematic training programs help the organization to expand their knowledge about the operating process and also help the company to enhance and maintain the variety and quality of their products and services. References Bozarth, C. and Handfield, R. (2015).Introduction to Operations and Supply chain planning with MyOMLab, Global Edition, 4/E. [online] Available at: https://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/educator/product/Introduction-to-Operations-and-Supply-Chain-Management-with-MyOMLab-Global-Edition/9781292093543.page [Accessed 21 Dec. 2016]. atay, B., Chiong, R., Cordn, O. and Siarry, P., 2014. Computational Intelligence in Production and Logistics Systems: Solving Vehicle Routing, Supply Chain Network, and Air-Traffic Trajectory Planning Problems.IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine,4(9), pp.16-17. Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K. and van Wassenhove, L.N. eds., 2013.Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains. Springer Science Business Media. Dyckhoff, H., Lackes, R. and Reese, J. eds., 2013.Supply chain planning and reverse logistics. Springer Science Business Media. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Heizer, J., Render, B. and Munson, C., 2016.Principles of operations management: sustainability and supply chain planning . Pearson Higher Ed. Ivanov, D. and Sokolov, B., 2013. Control and system-theoretic identification of the supply chain dynamics domain for planning, analysis and adaptation of performance under uncertainty.European Journal of Operational Research,224(2), pp.313-323. Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A. and Sokolov, B., 2012. Applicability of optimal control theory to adaptive supply chain planning and scheduling.Annual Reviews in Control,36(1), pp.73-84. Jacobs, R. and Chase, R., 2013.Operations and supply chain planning . McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Johnson, P.F., 2014.Purchasing and supply management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kenne, J.P., Dejax, P. and Gharbi, A., 2012. Production planning of a hybrid manufacturingremanufacturing system under uncertainty within a closed-loop supply chain.International Journal of Production Economics,135(1), pp.81-93. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain planning . Cengage Learning. Pahl, J. and Vo, S., 2014. Integrating deterioration and lifetime constraints in production and supply chain planning: a survey.European Journal of Operational Research,238(3), pp.654-674. Ross, D.F., 2015.Distribution Planning and control: managing in the era of supply chain planning . Springer. Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P., 2014.The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Schnsleben, P., 2016.Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain planning within and across companies. CRC Press. Slack, N., Brandon-Jones, A. and Johnston, R., 2013. Operations management. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain planning : An overview. InSupply chain planning and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tayur, S., Ganeshan, R. and Magazine, M. eds., 2012.Quantitative models for supply chain planning (Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. Yinan, Q., Tang, M. and Zhang, M., 2014. Mass customization in flat organization: The mediating role of supply chain planning and corporation coordination.Journal of Applied Research and Technology,12(2), pp.171-181.

Richard B. Sewall Claims That Melvilles Vision In Moby

Richard B. Sewall Claims That Melvilles Vision In Moby-Dick Is A Cruel Essay Richard B. Sewall claims that Melvilles vision in Moby-Dick is a cruel reminder of the original terror, in which all moral judgements are accompanied by tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities. In response to this statement, I agree that all moral judgements are fraught with tensions, paradoxes and ambiguities. Much of Ishmaels experiences while on land and at sea deal with making moral judgements; the act of forming an opinion by discerning what is right and wrong. Melville uses Ishmael to prove his vision that moral judgements are derived from (life) experiences directly affected by tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities. Melville uses excellent representations of how tension can impact moral judgement making. Ishmael undergoes a particular situation in which tension directly affects his process of analyzing and judgement making. There is an obvious tension between Captain Ahab and the crew of the Pequod due to Ahabs silent intensity and self-concentrated desire to kill Moby-Dick. Ahab seems to be in his own world, loosing himself to the temptations of getting revenge on the White Whale. Ishmael makes note of this unspoken tension while looking for him during his watch. I instantly gazed aft to mark if any strange face were visible; for my first vague disquietude touching the unknown captain, now in the seclusion of the sea, became almost a perturbationbut whatever it was of apprehensiveness or uneasiness-to call it so-which I felt(Melville, 109). Although Ishmael had not seen Ahab yet, he found it peculiar that he remained secluded in his quarters below the deck. This instance creates tension in Ishm aels mind, making him second-guess his attendance aboard the Pequod. This tension was the perfect recipe to help Ishmael decide how much he would want to interact with Ahab. In other instances, Melville uses the whale to show how paradoxes can affect judgement. When Stubb kills awhale in Chapter 61, Ishmael lingers around the incident, explaining first exactly what the dart is and what the crotch is. When Ishmael wants to examine representations of whales, he looks at monstrous and less erroneous pictures of whales and then depictions of whales in paint, teeth, wood, sheet-iron, stone, mountains, and stars. This commitment to analyzing the whale in general creates a paradox in that Ishmael either underestimates or overestimates the whale and its characteristics. It is a constant contradiction that affects Ishmaels judgement in a way that makes him feel either at ease or unrest with the whale. Melville states the ambiguity of experience in the chapter Queequeg in his Coffin. When Queequeg is seized by fever, he orders his coffin in the shape of a canoe. When he recovers, he uses it as a storage chest and an object of art. Later, the coffin is used as a life preserve/buoy for Ishmael. The general idea Melville portrays is that the meaning of an object is determined by an individual, and not in itself. Melville uses Ishmael as the direct link to Queequeg and his coffin when the ship sinks. The different perceptions of the coffin more or less deal with foreshadowing, and Ishmaels desire to analyze the future and judge for himself what is best for him. Melville had many ways of portraying how moral judgements can be impacted. I believe Sewalls claim that all moral judgements are fraught with tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities to directly apply to moral judgement, as Melville portrayed this through Ishmael and particular events that took place in the novel. Sewall was accurate in his statement in that these three elements can greatly affect a person and their moral sense of judgement. Richard B. Sewall claims that Melvilles vision in Moby-Dick is a cruel reminder of the original terror, in which all moral judgements are accompanied by tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities. In response to this statement, I agree that all moral judgements are fraught with tensions, paradoxes and ambiguities. Much of Ishmaels experiences while on land and at sea deal with making moral judgements; the act of forming an opinion by discerning what is right and wrong. Melville uses Ishmael to prove his vision that moral judgements are derived from (life) experiences directly affected by tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities. Melville uses excellent representations of how tension can impact moral judgement making. Ishmael undergoes a particular situation in which tension directly affects his process of analyzing and judgement making. There is an obvious tension between Captain Ahab and the crew of the Pequod due to Ahabs silent intensity and self-concentrated desire to kill Moby-Dick. Ahab seems to be in his own world, loosing himself to the temptations of getting revenge on the White Whale. Ishmael makes note of this unspoken tension while looking for him during his watch. I instantly gazed aft to mark if any strange face were visible; for my first vague disquietude touching the unknown captain, now in the seclusion of the sea, became almost a perturbationbut whatever it was of apprehensiveness or uneasiness-to call it so-which I felt(Melville, 109). Although Ishmael had not seen Ahab yet, he found it peculiar that he remained secluded in his quarters below the deck. This instance creates tension in Ishm aels mind, making him second-guess his attendance aboard the Pequod. This tension was the perfect recipe to help Ishmael decide how much he would want to interact with Ahab. In other instances, Melville uses the whale to show how paradoxes can affect judgement. When Stubb kills awhale in Chapter 61, Ishmael lingers around the incident, explaining first exactly what the dart is and what the crotch is. When Ishmael wants to examine representations of whales, he looks at monstrous and less erroneous pictures of whales and then depictions of whales in paint, teeth, wood, sheet-iron, stone, mountains, and stars. This commitment to analyzing the whale in general creates a paradox in that Ishmael either underestimates or overestimates the whale and its characteristics. It is a constant contradiction that affects Ishmaels judgement in a way that makes him feel either at ease or unrest with the whale. Melville states the ambiguity of experience in the chapter Queequeg in his Coffin. When Queequeg is seized by fever, he orders his coffin in the shape of a canoe. When he recovers, he uses it as a storage chest and an object of art. Later, the coffin is used as a life preserve/buoy for Ishmael. The general idea Melville portrays is that the meaning of an object is determined by an individual, and not in itself. Melville uses Ishmael as the direct link to Queequeg and his coffin when the ship sinks. The different perceptions of the coffin more or less deal with foreshadowing, and Ishmaels desire to analyze the future and judge for himself what is best for him. Melville had many ways of portraying how moral judgements can be impacted. I believe Sewalls claim that all moral judgements are fraught with tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities to directly apply to moral judgement, as Melville portrayed this through Ishmael and particular events that took place in the novel. Sewall was accurate in his statement in that these three elements can greatly affect a person and their moral sense of judgement. Of Faction EssayRichard B. Sewall claims that Melvilles vision in Moby-Dick is a cruel reminder of the original terror, in which all moral judgements are accompanied by tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities. In response to this statement, I agree that all moral judgements are fraught with tensions, paradoxes and ambiguities. Much of Ishmaels experiences while on land and at sea deal with making moral judgements; the act of forming an opinion by discerning what is right and wrong. Melville uses Ishmael to prove his vision that moral judgements are derived from (life) experiences directly affected by tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities. Melville uses excellent representations of how tension can impact moral judgement making. Ishmael undergoes a particular situation in which tension directly affects his process of analyzing and judgement making. There is an obvious tension between Captain Ahab and the crew of the Pequod due to Ahabs silent intensity and self-concentrated desire to kill Moby-Dick. Ahab seems to be in his own world, loosing himself to the temptations of getting revenge on the White Whale. Ishmael makes note of this unspoken tension while looking for him during his watch. I instantly gazed aft to mark if any strange face were visible; for my first vague disquietude touching the unknown captain, now in the seclusion of the sea, became almost a perturbationbut whatever it was of apprehensiveness or uneasiness-to call it so-which I felt(Melville, 109). Although Ishmael had not seen Ahab yet, he found it peculiar that he remained secluded in his quarters below the deck. This instance creates tension in Ishm aels mind, making him second-guess his attendance aboard the Pequod. This tension was the perfect recipe to help Ishmael decide how much he would want to interact with Ahab. In other instances, Melville uses the whale to show how paradoxes can affect judgement. When Stubb kills awhale in Chapter 61, Ishmael lingers around the incident, explaining first exactly what the dart is and what the crotch is. When Ishmael wants to examine representations of whales, he looks at monstrous and less erroneous pictures of whales and then depictions of whales in paint, teeth, wood, sheet-iron, stone, mountains, and stars. This commitment to analyzing the whale in general creates a paradox in that Ishmael either underestimates or overestimates the whale and its characteristics. It is a constant contradiction that affects Ishmaels judgement in a way that makes him feel either at ease or unrest with the whale. Melville states the ambiguity of experience in the chapter Queequeg in his Coffin. When Queequeg is seized by fever, he orders his coffin in the shape of a canoe. When he recovers, he uses it as a storage chest and an object of art. Later, the coffin is used as a life preserve/buoy for Ishmael. The general idea Melville portrays is that the meaning of an object is determined by an individual, and not in itself. Melville uses Ishmael as the direct link to Queequeg and his coffin when the ship sinks. The different perceptions of the coffin more or less deal with foreshadowing, and Ishmaels desire to analyze the future and judge for himself what is best for him. Melville had many ways of portraying how moral judgements can be impacted. I believe Sewalls claim that all moral judgements are fraught with tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities to directly apply to moral judgement, as Melville portrayed this through Ishmael and particular events that took place in the novel. Sewall was accurate in his statement in that these three elements can greatly affect a person and their moral sense of judgement. Richard B. Sewall claims that Melvilles vision in Moby-Dick is a cruel reminder of the original terror, in which all moral judgements are accompanied by tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities. In response to this statement, I agree that all moral judgements are fraught with tensions, paradoxes and ambiguities. Much of Ishmaels experiences while on land and at sea deal with making moral judgements; the act of forming an opinion by discerning what is right and wrong. Melville uses Ishmael to prove his vision that moral judgements are derived from (life) experiences directly affected by tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities. Melville uses excellent representations of how tension can impact moral judgement making. Ishmael undergoes a particular situation in which tension directly affects his process of analyzing and judgement making. There is an obvious tension between Captain Ahab and the crew of the Pequod due to Ahabs silent intensity and self-concentrated desire to kill Moby-Dick. Ahab seems to be in his own world, loosing himself to the temptations of getting revenge on the White Whale. Ishmael makes note of this unspoken tension while looking for him during his watch. I instantly gazed aft to mark if any strange face were visible; for my first vague disquietude touching the unknown captain, now in the seclusion of the sea, became almost a perturbationbut whatever it was of apprehensiveness or uneasiness-to call it so-which I felt(Melville, 109). Although Ishmael had not seen Ahab yet, he found it peculiar that he remained secluded in his quarters below the deck. This instance creates tension in Ishm aels mind, making him second-guess his attendance aboard the Pequod. This tension was the perfect recipe to help Ishmael decide how much he would want to interact with Ahab. In other instances, Melville uses the whale to show how paradoxes can affect judgement. When Stubb kills awhale in Chapter 61, Ishmael lingers around the incident, explaining first exactly what the dart is and what the crotch is. When Ishmael wants to examine representations of whales, he looks at monstrous and less erroneous pictures of whales and then depictions of whales in paint, teeth, wood, sheet-iron, stone, mountains, and stars. This commitment to analyzing the whale in general creates a paradox in that Ishmael either underestimates or overestimates the whale and its characteristics. It is a constant contradiction that affects Ishmaels judgement in a way that makes him feel either at ease or unrest with the whale. Melville states the ambiguity of experience in the chapter Queequeg in his Coffin. When Queequeg is seized by fever, he orders his coffin in the shape of a canoe. When he recovers, he uses it as a storage chest and an object of art. Later, the coffin is used as a life preserve/buoy for Ishmael. The general idea Melville portrays is that the meaning of an object is determined by an individual, and not in itself. Melville uses Ishmael as the direct link to Queequeg and his coffin when the ship sinks. The different perceptions of the coffin more or less deal with foreshadowing, and Ishmaels desire to analyze the future and judge for himself what is best for him. Melville had many ways of portraying how moral judgements can be impacted. I believe Sewalls claim that all moral judgements are fraught with tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities to directly apply to moral judgement, as Melville portrayed this through Ishmael and particular events that took place in the novel. Sewall was accurate in his statement in that these three elements can greatly affect a person and their moral sense of judgement.

Average SAT Scores by State (Most Recent)

Average SAT Scores by State (Most Recent) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips More than a million students across the country take the SAT each year. So what do SAT scores by state look like? How do you stack up against other test takers in your state? Finally, what are some interesting state facts- for example, which state has the highest SAT score? The lowest SAT score? The highest rate of participation? It's the battle of the states, SAT edition. Find out your state's average SAT scores and other fun facts in this article! What Is the National Average SAT Score? Before we get into the SAT averages by state, let's quickly go over the SAT scoring system as well as what the overall average SAT score in the US currently is. As you probably know, the SAT is made up of three sections: Reading, Writing and Language (also just called Writing), and Math. The Math section is scored on a scale of 200-800, while the Reading and Writing sections are combined to give you a final Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800. By combining these two sections, we get atotal SAT score rangeof400-1600, with 1600 being a perfect score. Now that we've got this down, let's take a look the national average SAT score. In 2018, the College Board reported the following average SAT scores: Total: 1068 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW): 536 Math: 531 As you can see, the average scores for EBRW and Math are quite close. These then add up to get a total SAT average score that's around the halfway point of the total score range (400-1600). But what are the average SAT scores by state? Keep reading to learn some interesting trends and to see the notable top spots held by different states! State SAT Awards We'll start with the states that have won our "State SAT Awards." The categories for these are as follows: Highest SAT Score Highest SAT Score With Over 20% Participation Team Players (100% Participation) Lowest SAT Score Most Variation Between SAT Sections All data below comes from the College Board's 2018 SAT state reports. Highest Score: Minnesota (SAT Score: 1298) Minnesota takes the cake for highest average SAT score with 1298. This is 230 points higher than the national average! But wait- Minnesota also has lower test participation than 78% of the US at 4%. In other words, just 2,464 seniors took the test in 2018. Because more students in Minnesota take the ACT than they do the SAT, Minnesota's high average SAT score likely means that only the most prepared, ambitious high schoolers take the SAT. These students tend to score higher, effectively raising the state's average. But what if we look instead at states with a significant participation rate- that is, a state in which more than 20% of students take the SAT? The winner for that SAT award is ... Highest Score With Over 20% Participation: Arizona (SAT Score: 49, with 29% Participation) Great achievement here! With more than 20,000 students in the class of 2018 taking the SAT here, Arizona is truly outperforming the national average. Team Players (100% Participation): Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, and Michigan In Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, and Michigan, every student took the SAT. This usually means that thesestates require all high school students to take the SATas part of normal high school testing. In addition, four other states- Illinois, Maine, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island- as well as the District of Columbiaoffered the SAT statewide during the 2017-18 school year. But because the testwasn't mandatory for all students in these states for the entire school year, participation rates here are below 100%. The highest participation rate for non-mandatory testing goes to Florida, at 97%. Lowest Score: District of Columbia (SAT Score: 977) Unfortunately, the District of Columbia underperforms the national average by more than 90 points. Also ranking at the bottom are other states with statewide SAT testing (Delaware and Idaho) as well as West Virginia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. From the data, it's reasonable to conclude that statewide testing causes lower scores because it includes all seniors andnot just those planning to apply to college. The lowest SAT score for a non-mandatory state is 1014 in Florida. While Florida is only in the top 18% of the country as far as participation goes (97% participation rate), it's important to point out that this is still a huge number of students, as the population of Florida is so large. In 2018, 147,058 students took the SAT in Florida. This number is much higher than the number of test takers in other states with comparable SAT participation rates, such as Rhode Island (97% participation rate, 10,161 students) and New Hampshire (96% participation rate, 14,834 students). So even though only 97% of students took the SAT in Florida, there's still plenty of room for variation within these nearly 150,000 students' scores. Most Variation Between Sections: Florida (520 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, 497 Math) With a participation rate of 97%, Florida also has the greatest difference between SAT section scores of all states. On average, Florida students score 29 points higher on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) than they do on Math. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! List of All Average State SAT Scores Here are the most recent average SAT scores for all 50 statesas well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. Find your area below and see how your SAT score compares with your region's average! State Participation Rate EBRW Math Total Alabama 6% 595 571 66 Alaska 43% 562 544 06 Arizona 29% 577 572 49 Arkansas 5% 592 576 69 California 60% 540 536 1076 Colorado 100% 519 506 1025 Connecticut 100% 535 519 1053 Delaware 100% 505 492 998 District of Columbia 92% 497 480 977 Florida 97% 522 493 1014 Georgia 70% 542 522 1064 Hawaii 56% 550 549 1099 Idaho 100% 508 493 1001 Illinois 99% 513 506 1019 Indiana 67% 546 539 1086 Iowa 3% 634 632 1265 Kansas 4% 633 631 1265 Kentucky 4% 630 618 1248 Louisiana 4% 615 595 1210 Maine 99% 512 501 1013 Maryland 76% 545 535 1080 Massachusetts 80% 562 563 25 Michigan 100% 5 499 10 Minnesota 4% 643 655 1298 Mississippi 3% 630 606 1236 Missouri 4% 633 629 1262 Montana 10% 606 592 1229 Nebraska 3% 629 623 1252 Nevada 23% 574 566 40 New Hampshire 96% 535 528 1063 New Jersey 82% 547 547 1094 New Mexico 16% 552 540 1093 New York 79% 534 534 1068 North Carolina 52% 554 543 1098 North Dakota 2% 640 643 1283 Ohio 18% 552 547 1099 Oklahoma 8% 541 521 1062 Oregon 48% 564 553 17 Pennsylvania 70% 547 539 1086 Puerto Rico - 512 481 993 Rhode Island 97% 513 505 1018 South Carolina 55% 547 523 1070 South Dakota 3% 622 618 1241 Tennessee 6% 624 607 1231 Texas 66% 520 512 1032 Utah 4% 618 612 1230 Vermont 64% 565 554 20 Virgin Islands - 490 445 935 Virginia 68% 567 550 17 Washington 69% 543 538 1082 West Virginia 28% 513 486 999 Wisconsin 3% 641 653 1294 Wyoming 3% 633 635 1257 Source: The College Board What's Next? Confused about SAT scoring? Learn more about how the SAT is scored,and get tips onhow to figure out your SAT goal score based on the schools you're applying to. Wondering what it takes to get a perfect SAT score? I scored a perfect SAT scoreand wrote a detailed guide about what it takes here.Read this to learn all of my best strategies- and to get a 1600 on test day! If you liked this post, make sure youscroll up and subscribe on the right hand sideso you can stay up-to-date with our SAT/ACT articles! Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Essay on Management 436 Db

Essay on Management 436 Db Essay on Management 436 Db Unit Four Discussion Board One MGMT436-1205B-01 Managing Organizational Change Dr. Marcia Brown Suequeena Diane Williams January 29, 2013 Hello Dr. Brown and Fellow Classmates: For our first discussion board for the week, we were asked to download the required work redesign document complete by a firm’s internal consulting team. Acting as external consultants, the task is to review the document as it is presented and render suggestions about what was done correctly along with any concerns and recommendations that are deemed necessary to mention. With that prompt in mind, I have formulated the following responses to the questions that Dr. Brown has posed. Discussion on the Utilized Analysis and Work Redesign Strategies In order to address the organizational issues of increasing expense and budgetary costs, lack of quality and timely work, excessive chargebacks and customer service issues, the assigned internal consulting team took the following actions: * Conducted discussion with Management over time * Interviews/discussions with customers * Mailed surveys to employee’s homes in hopes of gauging individual motivation and potential problems * Facilitated team building workshops * Re-issued surveys at workshops when poor response was received Based on the above information and researched material, the internal consulting team opted to employ the Motivational Work Design Strategy. Created from research completed in organizational psychology by Hackman and Oldham, the motivational model encourages job enrichment and enlargement (Campon and Mumford, 2005). Basically, this model of work redesign believes that performance on a job is directly correlated with employing and retaining employees who are both satisfied and involved with organization procedures. Upon gaining knowledge of the issues, the first thing the internal consultants did was interview with the management. From this meeting, they suggested that the employees complete a survey. All of these events directly relate to the Motivational Work Design Strategy discussed above. Discussion on the Successfully and Unsuccessfully Addressed Change Factors As it relates to the given scenario, the increased team building, employee input and communication issues were all properly addressed. However, it is believed that the internal consultants did not properly address the functional complaint routing system. Basically, if a customer contacted the organization with a problem, they could not receive an immediate response because the answering representative did not have the required knowledge to answer the question. As a result, the question had to be forwarded to a supervisor and who would then forward to a compliance specialist. By the time the customer receives the answer to his/her question, the problem is usually resolved which only further aids to the customer’s irritation and/or aggravation. It is believed that the employees would feel more included in the organization if they had the proper information to answer the questions asked of them as opposed to simply being a call taker only registers complaints. Discussion on Addressing the Unsuccessful Change Process Issue Since the internal consultants did not address the employee/customer service issues in the Motivational Model Theory that they

The ubiquitin system, disease and drug discovery Research Paper

The ubiquitin system, disease and drug discovery - Research Paper Example According to (Hershko,1998,pg.425-79) â€Å"There are strong indications for roles of the ubiquitin system in development and apoptosis, although the target proteins involved in these cases have not been identified.†.Protein in ubiquting exists in chain format which is linear and consists of amino acids. The degradation of chain is possible and it is thermodynamically possible in an aqueous environment. When the degradation of protein happens this is known as protein – turnover. The balance which exists between the synthesis and its degradation determines the concentration level of protein in the cell. The studies conducted over protein turnover rates have revealed that some proteins are long lived while others are short lived. The cell majorly consists of long lived protein while short lived proteins which are regulatory protein are abnormal protein. Source – (Hersko,1998,pg 425-79) The Ub has a function to monitor the turnover of protein in the cell by regulati ng the degradation process. This regulatory function is largely important. By regulatory function of Ub the cells are able to eliminate protein that displays another function. Furthermore, such regulation observes that other process expressed by regulatory protein is shut down. There is another regulatory function displayed by the protein which is alternative in nature and it simply inactivates the protein. However, in case of this alternative regulation, these inactivated proteins can be mistakenly reactivated. Unfortunately, the Ub linked regulation is expensive energetically and if a regulation needs to be done once again then re-synthesize should be performed. The functioning of Ub is in a ATP – depended pattern. But what is the reason for this? The reason for this in order to target the protein machinery is required that can degrade the protein. The machinery is used just as a tag which marks the protein which needs to be degradation. The degradation is conducted by the 26Sproteasome. Speaking precisely, the proteins that are to be degraded are primarily tagged by conjugating them with ub and these tagged protein are them identified and shuttled to proteasome for the purpose of degradation. Dysfunction in much ubiquitin process has created pathological conditions where there was malignant transformation. Proliferation and cell growth are further controlled by ubiquitin mediated degradation of portooncogenes, tumor suppressors and components of signal transduction systems. The Ubiqutin – Proteasome Pathway If we mix ubiqutin, ATP and an abnormal protein we might think that the protein will conjugate with Ub. However, we would be wrong in this assumption. There is something else required to attach Ub to such a protein. The thing that is needs in many cases is the three kinds of enzymes. 1) Ub activating enzyme known as E1 enzyme. This enzyme is required in modifying Ub so that it can be in a reactive condition. 2) Ub conjugative enzyme known as E2 enzyme. This enzyme does the function of catalyzing the attachment of Ub to the substrate protein. 3) Ub ligases know as E3 enzymes. This enzyme function in align with E2 enzymes and this enzyme is important in identifying the substrate protein. Yeast contains many E1, E2 and E3 enzymes. For example. It has been found that yeast contains 13 various E2 enzymes. All these do the function of conjugation but also a specific

Solow-Swan growth model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solow-Swan growth model - Essay Example The model begins with neoclassical production function presented by equation Y/L = F (K/L. making y the subject of the equation y = f(k), and this is represented by the red curve. Therefore, output per worker translates to capital per worker. From the graph, n = population growth rate, y = output/income per, k = capital per worker, worker, s = saving rate, L = labor force, and ÃŽ ´ = depreciation.The steady state is at point A where the two graphs interact. At this point, the first equilibrium, the output per worker is ever constant. When the investment cannot combat population output per worker the curve falls from y2 to y0. When saving per worker is greater than depreciation plus the population growth, the cumulative capital increases leading to shifting of the steady state from equilibrium A to B.The concept of Keynesian economics is based on the divine entity that can lead to over economic difficulties. The Keynesian economics model emphases on the fact that intervention put by t he government to necessary economic stability and growth during economic hard times. In this economic model, the government has a vital role to smoothen the business cycle bumps. The model stresses on the significant measures the government should take on spending, hiking, tax breaking among other measures for the economy to function best during the economic crisis. The main importance of Keynesian economics economy is that it helps governments to survive severe economic depression (Frank and Bernanke 54).... In this economic model, the government has a vital role to smoothen the business cycle bumps. The model stresses on the significant measures the government should take on spending, hiking, tax breaking among other measures for the economy to function best during the economic crisis. The main importance of Keynesian economics economy is that it helps governments to survive severe economic depression (Frank and Bernanke 54). According to Keynesian economics theory, the macroeconomic economy is significant than a market aggregate. Moreover, resource markets and individual commodities can easily lead to automatic equilibrium that can last for a long time. However, it does not guarantee fell employment. Nonetheless, the Keynesian economics benefit government policies since it gives a helping hand to the economy. IS/LM chart illustrates an upward shift in the IS a curve that indicates an increase private investment or government spending thereby leading to interest rates (i) due to higher output (Y) Great Recession The Great Recession is the estimated as the longest regression of between 2007 and 2012. Therefore, it is sometimes called the 2007 global regression or the lesser depression. It is related to the dominant global decline that started in December 2007 and registered a sharp down downward turn in 2008. The Great Recession affected the economy of the entire globe and some of the countries were hardly hit. The main characteristic of this recession was the systematic imbalance that led to global financial crisis between 2007 and 2012. Furthermore, it led to the European sovereign debt crisis. Regardless, of the European debt crisis, china and United States showed a continued economic growth; thus, these two nations becoming global economic

Sidney Waters Customer Information Billing System Case Study

Sidney Waters Customer Information Billing System - Case Study Example However, Price Water House ran into implementation difficulties and overran the $ 60m Budget assigned to the project. These difficulties were a direct result of their failure to develop the correct architecture the company need by evaluating what it has and then acquire them. It seems also that Price Water House lacked the technical expertise to take the project forward, in that several contingencies were made, including hardware and software that were not in the original budget. Sidney Water had carefully followed the tender process of selecting Price Water House as the winner but should have done background checks on its past performances with other companies. It should also have brought in IT experts within the organization, and externally, to timely perform Technical Proof Of Concept (TPOC) to help guide its decision in the correct direction. It seems Sidney Water was looking only at keeping the project cost below the budgeted and not at its feasibility. This is due to the fact that companies in a tender process will give information they cannot guarantee, in order to win bids, and they often hope the bid recipients will be impressed and make hastily uninformed decisions. The company after selecting Price Water House called in the company after three months to begin work, without visiting other facilities that had similar systems to see what levels of efficiency they were achieving and be able to make comparisons to its goals and objectives. Poor contract administration led to the transfer of responsibility for certain aspects of the project back to Sidney Water from Price Water House.  

Types Of Clinical Decision Support System Computer Science Essay

Types Of Clinical Decision Support System Computer Science Essay Nowadays, technology is growing rapidly. With such tremendously growth of technology, many field of industry is taking the chance in adopting these technologies to transform their business flow to fit with the environment. Medical is one of the industries that changing their services to provide better care and better treatment to patients. Many clinical center, hospitals or medical organization is investing on Clinical Decision Support System to improve the quality of decision making from the progress of diagnosis. What is Clinical Decision Support System? Clinical Decision Support Systems are active knowledge systems which use two or more items of patient data to generate case-specific advice from Wyatt J, Spiegelhalter D, 1991 (OpenClinical 2001-2009) It designed to integrate with a medical knowledge database as well as patient data to generate case specific advises to users. In another words, it is designed to healthcare professional to make medical decision. Instead of taking the place of diagnosis as a job of computer program, it rather intended to support the clinical experts because computer is not able to perform as a human being and it may cause error which may harm and risking others people survivability. In some area, computers can help the clinician in retrieving details needed in the progress of diagnosis such as patients medical history, all kind of examination and laboratory test. In addition, the reaction of drug and allergies toward the patient will be taken into account to help a busy clinician to handle over hundred patients in a day. (Clinical Decision Support System, Citizendium, 2006) What is the purpose of Clinical Decision Support System? CDSS generally is used to assist clinician by using the point of medical to provide some expert opinion or advices. A clinician may interact with CDSS in doing determination of diagnosis, analysis and etc by according to provided patient data. Previous theories of CDSS were to use the CDSS to literally make decisions for the clinician. (Clinical Decision Support System, iScanMyFood, 2010). By now, clinician is able to input information to the system and wait for CDSS to output the right choice to advice them the correct action. By gone through the computer analysis, clinician is not only making decision through own knowledge which may not be most suitable result from a diagnosis but also getting advices from computer to improve the quality of decision making. In another words, it served as a peripheral brain. Functions of Clinical Decision Support System There are 4 basic functions contain in Clinical Decision Support System which are Administrative, Managing clinical complexity and details, Cost control, Decision support by based on Perreault Metzger. Administrative means system must be administrable which means that it must be able to support clinical coding and documentation, procedures and referrals of the medical center. In order to achieve that, CDSS is always created through multiple platforms and it understands very well on every medicals standard procedure. Other than that, it must be able to manage clinical complexity and details. It keeps patients on research and chemotherapy protocols as clinical experts always did. It tracks patient orders, referrals follow-up the status of patient and preventive care after prescription. Cost controllable by avoiding any duplication of process, document or any unnecessary lab test and to monitor medication orders to confirm any incorrect places which might be a direct harm to particular medical centers financial Decision Support is mean to support clinical diagnosis and treatment plan processes and promoting use of best practices, condition-specific guidelines, and population-based management. (OpenClinical 2001-2009) Characteristics and Types of Clinical Decision Support System Characteristics of CDSS There are 4 basic component usually required by CDSS which are Inference Engine, Knowledge Base, Explanation Module and Working Memory. Inference Engine Inference Engine is the main part of CDSS. It used knowledge from database integrated with the system as well as the knowledge about the patient to generate an output or a conclusion based on certain condition. Inference engine control the actions of the system and guide system with the best actions. For an example, it will start to detect the condition to trigger the alert or conclusion to be displayed in a diagnostic progress. Knowledge Base Knowledge Base acquired the knowledge Inference Engine used to present to the users. In Knowledge base, it contains every risk factor to carry out in new lesions and risk scores. It will be built with the involvement of clinical domain experts with also every activity of create, edit and maintenance. In another way, some knowledge base is created through automated process. Automated process knowledge is acquired from external sources such as books, magazine, journal articles and database by a computer application. The process of creating a knowledge base is complex and complicated. In order to make it easier, there are tools specially created to facilitate the acquisition and elicitation of knowledge base. There is an example tool called Protà ©gà ©, a knowledge- based development environment. Working memory Working memory is a collection of patient data or form of a message which is stored inside database. These data may include patients age, name, data of birth, gender and etc or allergies, history medical information or problems and other information. Explanation Module Explanation Module responsible in composing justification for the conclusions drawn by the Inference Engine by applied Knowledge base and patient data. This component is not presented in all CDSSs. In another way, CDSS can work on synchronous mode and asynchronous mode. In synchronous mode, users can communicate directly with application to wait for the output from system. Users will have to wait for the output in order to continue their works. For example, CDSS checks for drugs interaction or any possible medicine that patient allergies to then clinician will only able to continue to diagnose patient by based on the result generated by CDSS. When there is in asynchronous mode, CDSS is performing independently while does not required user to wait for. For an example generate a checkup reminder for patients. CDSS can be categorized as open-loop or closed-loop systems. Open-loop CDSS will generate a conclusion but it takes no action directly by its own. Usually users will take the actions on the final decision. For an example, CDSS generates alert or reminder to users to take the actions. A Closed-loop CDSS is the opposite of open-loop CDSS. It will take actions by its own without any intervention from users. For an example, system will automatic save up all details of diagnosis process. CDSS can be also an event monitor, a consultation system or a clinical guideline. Even monitor is a software application that converts every available data into electronic format and uses its integrated knowledge base to send reminder to clinicians appropriately. Consultation system allows user enters the details of a case and in another way, the system will provide user a list of problems that may explain the case and suggestion the best action to be taken. Clinical Guideline basically developed by a group of clinical experts and disseminated by the government or by professional organization and it apply in most of the CDSS. This clinical guideline has been presented with every statement of best practices regarding to a particular health condition. Other than providing recommendation from various practices, it can be taken as examples in medical education. Type of Clinical Decision Support System Knowledge-based Clinical Decision Support System (Expert System) Knowledge-based expert systems are created by having experts use the biomedical literature to identify relationships between independent variables (such as signs and symptoms) and dependent variables (such as likely underlying diseases). It contains related arranged such as local hospital information, patient data and other compiled data and apply it with IF-ELSE-THEN predefined rules to guide through the whole progress of decision making. However, rules may also be acquired from various types of decision trees. These rules-based CDSS is the most usually found among all the clinical application. It will alert user when there is a possible drug doses or allergies which may harm or risk patient life by based on patient details such as age, sex, weight, height and etc. Example: if the system rules used to determine drug interaction, the formula will started to run and to detect every possible risky drug interaction, the rules might be IF drug A is taken AND drug B is taken THEN alert user. By going through these predefined rules, provided information must be always up-to-dated to prevent any wrong output which might lead to misdiagnosis. To construct a rule-based system for medical decision support, an expert with domain knowledge always must be recruited to create and handle the knowledge base and train the system. To train an expert system is very time-consuming and it the result that produced is only usable in a narrow scope project. Therefore, a rule-based CDSS is not commonly used to deliver the critical message to clinician. (Clinical Decision Support System, Citizendium, 2006) Non Knowledge-Based Clinical Decision Support System Non Knowledge Based CDSS does not apply any data from knowledge base but they used another kind of artificial intelligent called Machine Learning. From the term of Machine Learning, it means a machine will learn from the past experience and previous lesson that given by experts. This kind of idea has implemented in this type of CDSS. Computer will learn everything in previous medical progress and find pattern in clinical data. Non Knowledge based CDSS is trained from the relationship between symptoms and signs (also called independent variables) and diseases (also called dependent variables). Machine Learning is using case-based to proceed every lesson because the system is being trained from previous cases. There are 2 type of non knowledge based systems are artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. It contains some mathematical models that can observe and emulate the properties of an item and some kind of adaptively learns the simulated properties of the item. (Clinical Decision Support System, Citizendium, 2006). Artificial neural networks type of CDSS can analyze the attributes or patterns from patient data to derive the associations between the symptoms and a diagnosis. (Wikipedia, 2010). It can perform supervised or unsupervised machine learning depending on the way of providing the available information. Genetic Algorithm is based on a several processes of searching and simplifying and use the directed selection achieve optimal CDSS result. The algorithm will first determine properties of sets of solutions to a problem. Every solution that generated will be recombined, mutated and repeat the process again. The rotation of finding solution will not stop until a proper solution is found. The knowledge used in finding solution is derived from patient data. It usually focus on those disease that caused by narrow list of symptoms. (Wikipedia, 2010) Architecture of Clinical Decision Support System 3.1. Basic Concept of Decision Support System Architecture Since Clinical decision support system is a kind of decision support system that is design to assist clinician in decision making tasks. The architecture design of decision support system always consists of two major sub-systems which is human decision maker and computer systems. Construct a decision support system with only computer hardware and software program is not a correct concept because there might be some unstructured or semi structured decision (those decisions cannot be decide through a collection of mathematical model or formula) is not able to be programmed by system because its precisely nature thinking from a human and it is elusive and complex. There is no such independent component in a decision support system. It always needs a human decision maker as another component of decision support system to integrate with computer systems. The function of human decision maker is not to build a database for decision support system. Instead of build a database, it functions a s a decision maker that provides judgment, share their experience and exercises intuition throughout the entire process of decision making. The very first step of decision making is begin with the creation of a decision support model (decision support model is the formula or the way that helps user to filter or decide the specific result) by using some integrated DSS program such as Microsoft Excel. System will interact with database through Database Management Systems (DBMS) and deal the data from database with the decision support model through Model-Based Management System (MBMS). DBMS is an application that used to create, manage as well as control the access to the database. MBMS is an application that embedded within a DSS program that allow user to create, edit and delete the decision support model. By going through DBMS and MBMS, model is able to associate with the data from database to make a specific decision. DSS diagram.png Figure 1.0 Decision Support System diagram The diagram above shows DBMS and MBMS is integrated with the DSS to communicate with the models and database to provide result to users. 3.2. Four-Phase Model of Clinical Decision Support Architecture Four-Phase Model of clinical decision support architecture is referring to 4 type of architecture that has been used in clinical decision support system development. These architectures also representing the evolutionary of clinical decision support system. This 4 type of architecture is standalone decision support system (1959), integrated system (1967), standards-based system (1989), service models (2005). The phases is happen sequentially, every phase is learned and influenced from previous phases. Standalone Decision Support System The first phase is Standalone decision support system which happened in year 1959. They were systems that operate separately from clinical system. The clinician got to purposely seek the system out and enter information of his medical cases and then wait for the system to interpret the result. This kind of system is easy to develop because user that comes with medical knowledge and computer skills can make one of it. It is easy to share as well because the system is easy to develop, it can be categorized as a simple system, user can just make a copy of the program and then mail to another who wishes to use the system. There are limitations such as they required user to enter all the information needed by the system to make it inference. Another disadvantage is user got to seek out how the system works and flow. User that is lack of medical knowledge might have problem in system usage and might causes a lot of medical error. Thus, they cannot be proactive. It also very time consuming, it may takes half to an hour to enter a case because the models feature is very narrow and it required a lot of information to generate an output. Integrated System Due to the significant problems from standalone CDSS, developers begun to involve the architecture into another which is integrated system. The invented of Integrated system have solved a lot of problems. First of them is termination of multiple user input. The information is stored electronically after the first input by the user. Another significant solution is system can be proactive. They can alert user when it detect dangerous between drugs interaction or the dosing error automatically. The major disadvantage of integrated system is difficult to share. This system is very complex because it directly built with large clinical system. Therefore, it cant directly share to others who are not using the same clinical system. Unlike standalone system which built only based on self knowledge and computer skills. It can be send to anyone who wanted to use it. Another major problem is knowledge management problem. When there is an update for knowledge or clinical guideline, it maybe needs to find the source code to know where is guideline used. Standard-Based System In order to make content sharable, several research and effort had been undertaken to standardize clinical decision support content. The standardization of content has overcome many disadvantage of integrated system. It shares the clinical decision support content by separate the code that describing the content from source code. However, it still has some limitations. First, there is way too much standard format to choose. There are over hundred of standard to represent a simple notification. Standardized encoded may constrain a users standard. The standard that user intended to write has the difficulty to compatible with the standardized standard. Service Models Service Models, the most recent CDSS architecture. It recombined clinical information system and clinical decision support system components by using a standard application programming interface (API). This models standardizing both clinical decision support system and clinical system into one interface. Both systems will only look at only one clinical system and one CDSS at a time although the knowledge about patient and medicine are across many places. Clinical Decision Supports Algorithm 4.1 Artificial Neural Network Artificial Neural Network is a method that used by non knowledge-based CDSS. It required training from experts in a form of artificial intelligence. It will base on the past experiences or recognized examples to create a set of solution to a medical problem. They possess the Human-Brain-Like behavior instead of Computer-Like. Due to the capability of knowing the behavior of problem through its experiences, they are commonly used in recognition problems. From the result, this methodology is very well in determining narrow and well-defined clinical problem. Three general type of algorithm used by machine learning which is unsupervised, reinforcement and supervised. Unsupervised Learning Unsupervised learning means the computer identify some natural grouping within a database by based on how similar the items are and what makes a Good group without being provided examples of feature values of items. Therefore, the way of machine learning also called clustering. Unfortunately, unsupervised learning is not being used in many studies of various type of diagnosis. Reinforcement Learning In reinforcement learning, it is not provided any samples of feature values of items. Instead of giving the samples, it is given a specific main point or feedbacks which are able to determine whether the system is on the right track. Supervised Learning In supervised learning, the computer is given the samples of feature value of items. The reason of doing supervised learning is to develop a classifier that can predicts all the possibility from given predetermined classes or samples based on a set of attributes and features to describe the items. 4.2 Bayesian Network Bayesian Network shows a set of variables and dependencies of conditional among the variables via Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). Each node in the graph represents a variable and particular node will link to its neighbor to show the dependencies among the corresponding variables. This algorithm provides a simple understanding and definition between any two nodes. It helps predict and compute every possibility event might occur in a specific condition. In the stand of medical view, it can compute every possibility diseases by based on the symptoms given. For example, fever, cough, sore throat and chilling might lead to symptoms of Dengue disease. There are two important component consists in this algorithm which are structure and a set of parameters. Structure of the Bayesian Network is constructed from DAG. Every node in DAG may be given value by the parent node. Parameters are describing the relationship and the probabilities of a node to its parent. These components can support Bayesian Network computation by using the chain rule. Therefore, parameter and structure learning must be carrying out to fully represent probability distribution. Parameter learning is to specify each node in DAG is approximately distributed based on varies conditional. Structure learning is to identify the way of distribution throughout the whole network by based on the local data. When learning Bayesian Network, the amount of training data is very important and it directly affected the correctness of the network. Therefore, training data must be provided enough through employment of experts to provide various form of knowledge to improve the accuracy of the models. The experts might provide some knowledge that specifying a condition among the variables in Bayesian Network. Bayesian Network Example.png Figure 2.0 Example of Bayesian Network The example shows that fever and chilling maybe the symptoms of Dengue Disease. In another way, chilling maybe the side effect of fever. 4.3 Logical Condition

Characteristics and behaviors of an effective counselor Essay -- Psych

Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling The purpose of this paper is to analyze counselor behaviors and characteristics utilizing a case study from the COUN 6100 learning resources (n.d.). The first section will include aspects of the counselor’s responses I find to be effective. The next will examine areas where I see the counselor’s interactions as ineffective. The final section will feature an overview of how the factors in the preceding sections might impact the case study session. Effective Characteristics and Behaviors Levitt (2001) stresses active listening as a key element of successful counseling interactions. This listening style includes a number of verbal and nonverbal skills that give the client a sense of being heard and understood (Cooper, 2010). I was only able to analyze the verbal aspects of the counselor’s interactions due to the nature of the case study. The counselor in this scenario does a good job of asking several open questions and paraphrasing the client’s thoughts. An example of an open question is when he says, â€Å"Tell me about what anger issues look like for you.† This gave more control to the client and elicited specific information to deepen the conversation (Cooper, 2010). There is a time in the scenario when the counselor suggests that the client’s wife come to the session, despite the client’s earlier comments about his wish to focus on himself. The counselor realizes his mistake and apologizes to the client immediately. He then reflects on how that exchange might have felt, which is validated by the client. This could be effective in strengthening their relationship. The summary is another important way for the counselor to help the client organize key thoughts, feelings and... ...tentiveness, I think that the therapeutic relationship started in this scenario can be productive. References Cooper, J.B. (2010). Counseling microskills. In B.T. Erford (Ed.), Orientations to the Counseling Profession: Advocacy, ethics, and essential professional foundations (pp.148-162). New Jersey: Pearson. Levitt, D. (2001). Active Listening and Counselor Self-Efficacy: Emphasis on One Microskill in Beginning Counselor Training. Clinical Supervisor, 20(2), 101. Tape Transcript. (n.d.). [Learning resource]. Retrieved from http://sylvan.live.ecollege.com/ec/courses/76294/CRS-WUPSYC6205-6211712/6100_Wk_5_Tape_Transcript_1.26.10.doc Sheperis, D.S. and Ellis, C.M., (2010). The counseling process. In B.T. Erford (Ed.), Orientations to the Counseling Profession: Advocacy, ethics, and essential professional foundations (pp.124-147). New Jersey: Pearson.

Renaissance in Middle Ages

In many eras, events happened as a reaction, and often an overreaction, to events of the prior era. In the Middle Ages, a proper education was extremely rare for the common people. As a reaction to the Middle Ages, in the early renaissance, there was a strong focus on a classical education consisting of Greek, Latin, the classics, and art. As the population and economy grew and books became more readily available, people became disillusioned with the impractical classical education, demanding an education leading to practical professions. In the early renaissance, emphasis was redirected from clerical to secular life. The secular humanist idea held that the church should not rule civic matters, but should guide only spiritual matters. The church disdained the accumulation of wealth and worldly goods, supported a strong but limited education, and believed that moral and ethical behavior was dictated by scripture. Humanists, however, believed that wealth enabled them to do fine, noble deeds, that good citizens needed a good, well-rounded education, and that moral and ethical issues were related more to secular society than to spiritual concerns. Humanists paid close attention to classical studies because most of the humanist philosophy was based on Greek and Roman ideas. In addition to the study of Latin and Greek, a classical education consisted of scientific matters, government, rhetoric, philosophy and art. In the Middle Ages, the church discouraged education to keep people under the control of the church. People were guided by the teachings of the church and had little opinion to what was being told to them. Books were also very costly and were mostly written in Latin, an unfamiliar language to the common people. People were taught Greek and Latin so that they could understand the books available to them. In 1445, Gutenberg invented the printing press, making books more plentiful and therefore affordable for the educated middle class. They also began printing books in European languages. By the late stages of the renaissance, the population started to rise dramatically and the economy started to boom. With a larger population, more merchants and tradesman and other people with practical skills were needed. With books more readily available, people demanded books in the many languages of Europe. As a result, the concentration in education focused on local languages, practical mathematics, science and trades. Although the renaissance reversed the practices of medieval times by restoring education in the classics and gave rebirth to independent thought, the masses demanded a redirection of education to practical and useful skills. The focus on humanism forced the Church to play a secondary role in peoples† lives. Despite the changes in education and philosophy during the renaissance, Europe eventually molded itself into a well-rounded society.

State Court Statistics

State Court Statistics The State courts that will be used in this comparison of statistics and case load are: Michigan, New York, California, and Maryland.The court systems in Michigan are relatively simple. The lowest court is the district court followed by the circuit court, court of appeals, and the Michigan Supreme Court. The New York Court Structure entails a variety of departments for diverse matters. Within the lower courts, there are: a Civil Court of The City Of New York for Civil trials that has jurors; A Criminal Court of the City of New York; The Town and Village Justice Court for Community matters with jurors; Family Court; District Courts; City Courts; Court of Claims with no jurors dealing with State matters. Subsequently, Surrogates Court for adoption/Guardian matters; County Courts for matters in that precise areas; Supreme Court; Appellate Divisions of Supreme Court for administrational matters; Appellate Terms of Supreme Court for the other sub departments within the other courts; and Co urt of Appeals for and Capital crime, and matters that is being reviewed by the higher court.Michigan Hall of Justice in Lansing, MichiganCalifornia has two types of courts: 58 trial courts, one in each county, and appellate courts. Trial courts are the superior courts; appellate courts are the six districts of the Courts of Appeal and the California Supreme Court. MarylandThough the court structures may vary from state to state, one thing is the same; The Court of Appeals is the highest court in the State (commonly called the Supreme Court in other states). With this in mind, the similarities between the Court Structures in Michigan; Maryland; California; and New York is that each of the State's highest courts entails the same number of seven judges that handles mandatory jurisdiction in administrational; and appellate decisions. Additionally, Michigan's and New York's Court of Claims do not...

Memorisation then rote rehearsal Essays

Memorisation then rote rehearsal Essays Memorisation then rote rehearsal Paper Memorisation then rote rehearsal Paper The aim of my investigation was to investigate whether imagery was a better form of memorisation then rote rehearsal. Different psychologists have found one method to have a different level of effectiveness than the other. The one-tailed hypothesis for this investigation would be which is a better form of memorisation, imagery or rote rehearsal? The hypothesis was mainly concerned with investigating which factor, either imagery or rote rehearsal was the better form of memorisation. To investigate this, my aim is to use a group of 6th form students and examine which is the better form of memorisation. The study used repeated measures design. The sample I used was the opportunistic sample whereby I obtained those participants who were available to me at that time. I will be testing a representative sample of 20 students. The study will be carried out in a field setting. There will be some ethical issues that I will need to into consideration such as participants consent, right to withdrawal e. t. c. The results were collected on a sheet (appendix ). The words that were correctly remembered with the associated word were written down on the sheet. The participants were taken into a separate room so that other participants were not around, thus avoiding conferring and distraction. The results obtained showed that imagery is a better form of memorisation then rote rehearsal. It was found that more people INTRODUCTION There are various ways in which we can encode stimulus inputs. It may be stored as a visual representation so that you form a visual image of either the printed word itself or a pictorial image of it, or you could form an acoustic representation by saying the written word aloud. Alternatively you could form a semantic representation of the word, this would depend on your knowledge on the meaning of the word. My aim for this coursework is to find out weather imagery is a better form of storing information than rote rehearsal. Craik and Watkins distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal, in which material is rehearsed in the form in which it was presented (rote) Elaborative rehearsal, which elaborate the material in some way, e. g. by giving it a meaning or linking it with pre-existing knowledge Many psychologists have done research to suggest the procesess of encoding information. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the multi-store memory model, it attempted to explain how information from one storage system to another. The multi-store model sees rehearsal as the key control process, which transfers which helps to transfer information from short term-memory to long-term memory. The Brown-Peterson technique shows that STMs duration is very short and in the absence of rehearsal. However, information can be held in long-term memory almost indefinitely through maintenance rehearsal. Other Psychologists have tried to explain that imagery is a better technique for memorisation rather then rehearsal. Some psychologists who have done this are: Wollen et al (72). Bower and Springston Richardson et al (74). AIM My aim is to replicate the research carried out by Bower and Winzenz. They found that the imagery is a better technique for memorisation rather then rehearsal and that the participants of their research recalled more words using the technique process of imagery rather then rote rehearsal. The aim of the research is to see if the my findings will be the same as Bowers et al. HYPOTHESES Experimental hypothesis: There will be a significant difference between the number of words recalled using imagery rather than rote rehearsal, participants will remember more words using the technique of imagery rather than rote rehearsal. Null hypothesis: If any difference occurs between the number of words recalled using imagery and the number of words recalled using rehearsal, it will be due to chance alone DISSCUSSION From the experiment I found that recall was better when participants memorised the word using imagery. These results allow me to reject the null hypothesis, that all results will be due to chance alone and accept the experimental hypothesis. I have been able to fulfil my aim to find out if my findings will be the same or different as Bowers, the results are similar: that imagery was a better form of memorisation then rehearsal. Although this is true for the general results if we look at the individual results: participant 6 re-called three words using rehearsal but only one using imagery, this is true for several other participants. This could be due to the fact that the participants were actually using the imagery technique instead of rote rehearsal even though we had asked them not to. This is a point that needs to be taken into consideration if a repetition of the experiment is to be done. However it could be that rehearsal may actually be a better technique of memorisation, as some psychological research has found this to be correct. Some psychologists who found rehearsal is better technique for recall are Atkinson and Shiffrin, they found that rehearsal was a better technique for memorisation rather then imagery. They believed that memory traces in STM are fragile and can be lost within about 30 seconds unless they are repeated (rehearsed), if this is done them the materials remain for a lifetime. Richardson (72) supported the fact that imagery was a better technique compared to rehearsal. I think there are several ways for me to improve the research that I conducted if I were to re-do it. Instead of using sixth form students I will use adults, as some of the participants were not taking it seriously enough, that way the response is more likely to be more accurate. The research that I carried out did not take place in a natural environment so this could have affected the participants in some way, as they were aware this was an experiment. I could not have carried out my experiment in any other way, however if that was possible I would have had to break ethical issues such as consent and debriefing the participants: it would have been deception. I carried out the research in school, even though it was a classroom with its doors closed the participants were still affected by the noise made by other students walking past the classroom who were not participating in the experiment. Another limitation is that the number of participants involved was very small, to generalise I would need a much bigger sample as this way I would not be taking into account individual differences. Implications of the research: I could re-do this experiment but test imagery with other memory aids such as mnemonics and colour coding. As even though generally participants did better using imagery there were still some participants who did not, so it would be interesting to explore if other methods of recall are even better then memory Also I could use a much bigger participant sample, as this would allow mw to generalise my findings. My findings support and strengthen bowers research but question other researchers such as Anderson and Atkinson and Shiffrin. More Research is needed to discover what is the best method for recall.